Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

Analysis of Industrial Density in 1975

Worker Density per Square Kilometer

• Over 30: Madrid, Baleares, Comunidad Valenciana, Catalonia, Basque Country, Asturias, and Cantabria
• 16 to 30: Andalusia, Navarra, Murcia, and Galicia
• 8 to 15: Aragon
• 4 to 7: Extremadura, Castile and León, Castilla La Mancha, and the Canary Islands

Industrial Contrasts: Center vs. Periphery

Spanish industry is primarily located in the periphery, with the exception of Madrid. Key industrial areas include Catalonia, the Basque Country, Asturias, Cantabria, and major inland capitals.

Land Ownership Distribution by Province

Large Estates (Over 50% of Total Land Ownership)

Cáceres, Badajoz, Huelva, Córdoba, Jaén, Ciudad Real, Albacete, and Guadalajara

Smallholdings (Over 50% of Total

Inequality and Development

Market failures have the worst consequences for people, such as an increase in income inequality and persistent poverty.

Global Inequalities

• Inequalities within a State: In most countries around the world, these have increased over recent years.
• Inequalities between countries: These inequalities are greater than those that occur within any country.

Underdevelopment

When we travel to a developing country, we know we are in a different country, which is poorer than ours, and we could categorize it as underdeveloped, developing, poor, or less developed.

Characteristics of the Poorest Countries

• Low income per capita: These countries have a very low per capita income.
• Strong social and income inequalities: They usually have significant

Prehistory

The prehistory period begins with the development of early hominids in Africa. The prehistory is traditionally divided into the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods, based on stone tool technology. The Paleolithic era starts with the appearance of humans, primarily located around the great lakes of Africa, which offered a favorable climate. Paleolithic communities were small, nomadic groups with basic social structures, practicing predation (hunting and fishing). They sought shelter in caves, where rock art originated. There are two main styles: Franco-Cantabrian (large, polychrome, static, and non-compositional) and Levantine-African (abstract, monochrome, dynamic, and small).

Rock art also included portable art, such as decorated tablets,... Continue reading "Prehistory and Ancient Civilizations: A Concise History" »

Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon

Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon married in 1469. Their marriage marked the beginning of the Hispanic Monarchy. This entity comprised the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, although each maintained its own institutions of government.

Castilian Supremacy

Castile was the most powerful territory; its institutions were similar throughout the kingdom. In the Crown of Aragon, the king's power was more limited. Castilian supremacy encouraged the dissemination of their customs, laws, and language throughout the rest of the territories.

Religious Uniformity and the Inquisition

The Catholic Monarchs secured from the papacy the right to have the Spanish Inquisition depend on the monarchy. They fashioned a... Continue reading "Isabella & Ferdinand: The Spanish Monarchy Begins" »

Livestock: Animal Husbandry

Animal husbandry provides resources for human use, such as meat, milk, eggs, leather, wool, and honey. The most numerous livestock species are cattle, pigs, and sheep. The agricultural sector has undergone profound changes in the last century. Scientific research has resulted in selected breeds that provide high yields and are resistant to many diseases affecting livestock.

Ranching

Ranching is characteristic of large farms where livestock graze in fields of natural grasslands. It requires minimal investment in labor, facilities, and animal feed. However, productivity is low. The types of livestock are typically cattle and sheep, whose products are intended for sale in developed countries and for self-consumption in... Continue reading "Livestock, Fishing, Aquaculture, and Logging: Sustainable Practices" »

1.-defined: state control of three classes: legislative, judicial, executive charters: the Middle Ages from the traditional set of rules autoritarioarn ezaugarriak.Estatuarn 2.-state authorities and government actions are not limit-no-rule elections, the distribution is not askerik errrespetatzen subironotasuna single-person

1.-defined: the raw material: the transformation of natural resources industries. Renewable energy: they are not exhausted, because there is no loss of energy to create. Wind energy wind wind anomalies from the main plume. 2.-traditional enrgi itrri? Development of oil: coal, oil, natural gas, hydrocarbons, consisting of uranium-mineral oil, asphalt and lubricants for engines 3.-black landscape: the old coal factories... Continue reading "Which of the following statements is true?," »

Station Road: Road transport stations are concentrated centers for departures and arrivals of public transport vehicles which meet the regulatory conditions and requirements. Stations can be for passengers and/or goods.

Passenger Stations (Minimum Conditions)

• Access to entrances and exits for vehicles.
• Access for incoming and outgoing travelers, independent of the vehicles.
• A sufficient number of covered docks for simultaneous parking.
• Covered platforms for boarding and disembarking passengers.
• Separate waiting areas from the platforms.
• Sanitation facilities.
• Billing agencies, luggage and ticket sales, and information office.
• Other facilities, according to the characteristics of the services that each station has to meet, determined by the Minister

Transportation and Communication in Spain

Functions of Transport

The growing number of exchanges requires rapid, safe, and affordable transport systems.

1. Offsets: Allows for the separation of population between jobs and residence, for work and leisure purposes.
2. Firm Level: Facilitates the movement of workers, ensures the arrival of raw materials, and the distribution of finished goods. A well-connected producer country with good communication fosters the concentration of economic activities. Developed countries have dense and varied transport and communication networks, well-structured, and normally without isolated areas, although these networks are denser in urban and industrialized areas than in rural areas. Poor countries have incomplete and

Real Population Growth in Spain

The actual growth of the population can be calculated using the formula: Real Growth = Natural Growth (Births - Deaths) + Net Migration (Immigrants - Emigrants). Since the 19th century, Spain's population has increased threefold, but this growth has not been steady. It can be divided into distinct periods:

• Mid-19th to Early 20th Centuries

  The increase was low due to low natural growth, characteristic of the old demographic regime (high birth and mortality rates), and significant overseas emigration.

• 1900-1975 Period

  This period saw high growth, driven by the high natural growth typical of the demographic transition. The increase would have been even greater if not partially constrained by continued mortality from

The Survival of the Roman Cultural Legacy in Hispanic Culture

For more than six centuries (from the 5th century BC to the 5th century AD), the Iberian Peninsula belonged to the Roman Empire. Hispania was one of the most Romanized provinces and, therefore, has an abundant cultural heritage.

The principal legacy is Latin, the basis of most current languages (Castilian, Catalan, and Galician). Hispania also gave the Empire philosophers like Seneca and writers such as Quintilian and Martial.

In second and third place, we find Roman law (the concept of the state) and Christianity. Although Christianity spread in later dates, it achieved the rank of official religion under Emperor Constantine (313 AD). Indeed, the Church retained Roman law, administrative... Continue reading "Roman Legacy in Hispania and the Discovery of America" »