Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

Norman Dynasties and Feudal Peace

What could people establish in several kingdoms? Norman dynasties (Vikings). Was there any agreement between lords to maintain peace? Yes, there was an agreement to maintain peace on the roads and limit the effects of wars between feudal lords.

Main Changes in Productivity

• New cultivation methods: such as triennial rotation.
• New farming tools: such as the mouldboard plough and the use of horses.
• The use of windmills and watermills, which made grinding grain easier.

Population Growth and Land

What was the reason for population growth? The increase in agricultural production meant an improvement in diet and health. How did they get land? Peasants resettled old abandoned land and cleared new land for farming.

Expansion

More Economically Developed Countries (MEDCs)

(Australia, France...)

• High life expectancy
• Exporting of manufactured goods
• Compulsory secondary education
• Low birth rate
• High status for women
• High employment in the tertiary sector
• High number of older people

Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs)

(India...)

• Poor healthcare
• Exporting of mainly primary products
• High infant mortality rate
• Low life expectancy
• Low literacy rates
• High employment rate in the primary sector
• High proportion of young people
• Limited access to clean water

Globalization: Different Aspects

Politics

• Global problems: Financial crises, climate change, terrorism
• Global actors: European Union, G-20, United Nations, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

Economy

• Decrease in the cost of transporting

Chemical Plant Emissions and Violations

In Bahrain, chemical plants have been found to emit harmful pollutants into the atmosphere, violating environmental regulations.

Measures Implemented in Industries

To address air pollution, measures have been implemented in various industries, including:

• Reducing sulfur content in diesel fuel
• Recycling and converting carbon dioxide into useful products

Untreated Water Discharge

Chemical factories have also been inspected for discharging untreated water into the surrounding environment, violating environmental standards.

Waste Management Laws

Bahrain has enacted laws to manage hazardous waste, including:

• Management of hazardous healthcare waste
• Management of hazardous waste from factories and industries

Chemical Substances

The Industrial Revolution

Causes

• Population Growth: Living conditions improved due to advances in nutrition, hygiene, and medicine.
• Agricultural Improvements: Land increased agricultural production because it created larger farms. New machinery was introduced.
• Increased Trade: Great Britain's dominance of maritime trade led to transatlantic commerce.
• Technological Progress: New machinery was established in factories to produce goods more quickly.
• Financial Support From Agriculture And Trade: Agriculture and commercial activities provided capital that could be invested in industry.
• Favorable Political And Social Structure: The Bourgeoisie was allowed to promote measures that advanced its economic interest.

Key Elements for Industrialization

• Textile Industry:

Understanding Climate Change

Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. While these changes can be natural, due to variations in solar activity or large volcanic eruptions, human activities have been the main driver of climate change since the 19th century.

This is primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas. Fossil fuel combustion produces greenhouse gas emissions that surround the Earth like a blanket, trapping solar heat and increasing global temperatures.

Human Activity: The Primary Driver of Warming

Scientists studying climate change have established that humans are responsible for the global warming observed over the last 200 years. As a result of human activities that produce... Continue reading "Climate Change: Human Causes, Global Impacts, and Urgent Solutions" »

The Fief: Structure and Self-Sufficiency

The fief consisted of a rural estate composed of extensive areas of arable land, pastures, and forests where people hunted and obtained firewood and other products. The fief economy was self-sufficient.

The estate was divided into two parts:

• Demesne: Land that was exploited directly by the lord. It consisted of farmland, pastures, and woods. It was farmed by serfs. The lord was also the owner of the mill, press, and oven, and peasants paid for these services.
• Tenements: Plots of land the lord gave to free peasants in exchange for rent or a part of the harvest, and for carrying out different services for the lord on his land.

Jousting: Medieval Knightly Competition

Jousting was a competition in which two knights... Continue reading "Key Concepts of Medieval Feudal Society and Life" »

Top Energy-Producing Countries in Africa

In Africa, there is a diverse range of energy sources and production capabilities. Several countries play a significant role in meeting the continent's energy needs and driving economic development:

• Natural Gas

  • Algeria

    Algeria is the largest producer of natural gas in Africa, exporting to Europe and other parts of Africa.

  • Nigeria

    Nigeria is the second-largest producer of natural gas in Africa, exporting to other parts of Africa and Europe.

  • Egypt

    Egypt is the third-largest producer of natural gas in Africa, exporting to Europe and other parts of Africa.

  • Libya

    Libya is the fourth-largest producer of natural gas in Africa, exporting to Europe and other parts of Africa.

  • Mozambique

    Mozambique is the fifth-largest producer

Feudal Society

1. The Three Estates

Feudal society was organized into three distinct social groups, known as the Three Estates. These groups were largely closed, making it difficult for individuals to change their social status.

Nobles: Bellatores

Nobility was determined by birth, and knights dedicated their lives to warfare. The nobility was further divided into two categories:

• High Nobility: This group held significant power and influence, shaping the decisions of the kingdom.
• Low and Middle Nobility: This group consisted of knights and lords with fewer possessions compared to the high nobility.

Nobles resided in castles and had the authority to assemble their own armies.

Feudal Castles

Castles served as residences for lords, their families, knights,... Continue reading "Feudal Society: The Three Estates & Feudal Economy" »

TYPE OF TEXT: Primary Source

As regards the form, it's a law - legal text/terms. For content - economic text.

AUTHOR

Liberal Progressive Government, at the proposal of the Ministry of Development + approved by Cortes + Isabel II (Queen)

ADDRESSEE

All the Spaniards, so it is a public text.

Introduction

OBJECTIVE

Attract foreign capital to boost the construction of the railway in Spain.

LOCATION + DATE

Aranjuez, published in “”/Located in the process of “Vicalvarada” to Progressive Biennium 1854-56

Main Idea

Boost the construction of the railway in Spain + the need to attract foreign capital.

Introduction

The law - approved in Cortes is ratified by Isabel II, Queen of Spain.

Articles

Their object is to regulate the general service of the rail network.... Continue reading "The 1855 Spanish Railway Law: Boosting Construction and Attracting Foreign Capital" »

Commercial Fishing

The aim of this modern form of fishing is the large-scale sale of the catch. It is common in developed countries. In commercial fishing, there are also different techniques for catching the fish. Two are especially worth noting: trawling and electrofishing with suction.

DISTANCE TO THE COAST

Coastal fishing:This is done in large bodies of fresh water or in the ocean near the coast. Boats go out for one or two days. They are small and use nets and paternoster lines, long fishing lines with several branches ending in a hook. This type of fishing does not employ a lot of technology.

Deep-sea fishing: This is done exclusively in the open sea by fleets equipped with sonar and radar to detect shoals of fish. The ships are very large