Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

Globalization

Markets and companies tend to spread around the world, reaching a dimension that overtakes the national borders, and that is globalization. It is achieved through the exchange of goods, services, information, knowledge, and culture. Due to technology and its advances, communications, science, transports, and industry, globalization has grown faster in the last few years.

According to the World Bank, it is important to know that economic globalization is not a new tendency, but it has always existed in the history of humanity. In fact, what we currently know as developed countries was formed at the end of the nineteenth century.

According to the World Bank, the international economic integration pace sped up in the 80s and 90s decades,... Continue reading "Understanding Globalization: Impact, History, and Future" »

Total Costs/SMH = (Fixed Costs) + (Variable Costs * UT%) + (Labor Cost)

Globalization and Emergent Economies

Defining Emergent Economies

Throughout human history, different countries have led the world economy and politics due to their power over other nations. There have always been significant differences between developed and developing states. In the middle, there is a group of nations called emergent economies. This term is used because they are not yet at the same level as the richest countries, but their future expectations appear inspiring.

Emergent Economies in the Global Market

At present, global society is organized within a free market system governed by the law of supply and demand. This means that any country or company is allowed to buy and sell goods to other states, aiming to earn more money. Some... Continue reading "The Rise of Emergent Economies in the Global Landscape" »

Economist Robert Lucas argues that cities would be economically unviable were it not for the productivity effects associated with endowments of human capital.

National growth studies find a clear link between the economic success of cities and their human capital, measured by the level of education.

The Perspective of Creative Capital

From the perspective of the theory cited above, economic growth will occur in places where the population has a high level of education.

Through interviews conducted by the author, we can see that people were not following jobs or places, but that highly educated people were attracted to places that were inclusive and diverse. Creative people drive regional economic growth, and these people prefer innovative, diverse,... Continue reading "The New Geography of Creativity: Technology, Talent, and Tolerance" »

Services Sector Dynamics

The Secondary Sector

The secondary sector transforms raw materials and natural resources into semi-finished or processed products.

The Tertiary Sector

The tertiary sector provides services to people and other economic sectors.

Balance of Payments

The balance of payments includes all the country's monetary transactions, such as goods, services, and capital.

Balance of Trade

The balance of trade is the difference in value between the goods that the country exports and the goods it imports.

Energy Sources

Non-renewable energy sources:

• Coal: fossil rock currently used for thermal production
• Natural Gas: it is used as fuel, for electricity and thermal generation, and in the chemical industry
• Oil: fossil material with important uses, such as electricity generation
• Nuclear

1. Modern Farming Inputs and Industrial Reliance

Modern farming methods require more manufactured inputs than traditional farming. These essential inputs include:

• Chemical fertilizers
• Pesticides
• Pumpsets
• Farm machinery
• Electricity
• Diesel
• HYV seeds
• Water supply

Most inputs, such as fertilizers, tools, and implements, are manufactured in industry. HYV seeds are developed in agricultural research centers or laboratories. The machine industry supplies various implements, irrigation pumps, and farming machinery to enhance productivity and minimize farming efforts. Chemical and soil engineering-based industries provide fertilizers and pesticides to boost agriculture. Water supply is managed through canals and tanks, while electricity is supplied by powerhouses.... Continue reading "Modern Farming Inputs and Irrigation in Palampur" »

Understanding the Repopulation of León

The expansion of the Kingdom of León into the northern Meseta created a large, uninhabited zone. The Kings of León sought to repopulate this area to prevent raids from neighboring Muslim lands.

Early Methods for Encouraging Repopulation

Initially, the most common methods for encouraging repopulation included:

• Granting plots of land to free peasants in exchange for their settlement in these border zones.
• Awarding fueros, which were special rights and privileges given to a city or region by the monarch to attract settlers and guarantee their loyalty to the Crown.

Later Strategies for Repopulation Efforts

Later, the primary measures implemented were:

• Granting control of land to the Church and to nobles who possessed

Seagrass Ecological Contributions

Seagrasses release pollen for cross-pollination, produce seeds for propagation, and spread through rhizomes, colonizing seafloors.

Fauna of Seagrass Beds

Turtles

Green sea turtles graze on seagrass, similar to deer pruning shrubs, stimulating growth and adding nitrogen to the ecosystem.

Manatees

Manatees forage in estuaries and seagrass beds, consuming large quantities of seagrass and using their bristles to clear and uproot plants.

Seagrass Habitat Preferences

Turtle Grass

Dominant below low tide mark to ten feet.

Shoalweed

Dominant closest to shore; best tolerance for freshwater.

Manateegrass

Mixed with Turtle grass; Dominant below ten feet.

Caribbean Seagrass

Mixed with Turtle grass and Shoalweed.

Sponge, Rock, and Reef

1. The Discovery