Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

Species Roles in Communities

Niche and Species Roles

A species' niche defines its way of life within a community, including its role and interactions. Species roles can be categorized as:

• Generalist: Tolerates a wide range of conditions and resources.
• Specialist: Has a narrow range of tolerance, specific food and habitat requirements, and low reproductive rates.

Specific Roles

• Native Species: Originate in a particular area.
• Non-native Species: Introduced to an area, either accidentally or intentionally.
• Indicator Species: Sensitive to environmental changes, serving as a biological "smoke alarm."
• Keystone Species: Play a critical role, influencing the types and abundance of other species (e.g., pollinators, top predators).
• Foundation Species: Create or

Understanding Economic Activity

Economic activity refers to the processes undertaken by humans to acquire goods and services that satisfy consumer needs.

Economic Goods and Services

Economic goods are products and services generated by economic activity. Products are tangible goods, often derived from natural resources. Services are activities carried out by humans to benefit society.

Economic goods are typically classified by:

• Composition
• Function
• Ownership

Factors of Production

Factors of production are the essential resources required for the generation of economic goods and services. These factors typically fall into three main groups:

• Natural Resources: Resources provided by nature, which can be renewable, partially renewable, or non-renewable.
• Human

Economic Impacts of the Black Death in England

A Turning Point in Medieval Europe

These are wheat price data and wages in England, expressed in index numbers. They provide insights into the general history of agriculture in Western Europe between the Middle Ages (500) and industrialization (1850), specifically focusing on the period of 1320-1479. This era encompasses the High Middle Ages, the period before, during, and after the Great Famine and Black Death of the fourteenth century.

The data reveals a clear turning point around 1340-1360, coinciding with the onset of the devastating crisis of the fourteenth century. This period witnessed a significant shift in the economic landscape of England and Western Europe.

Key Themes:

• The evolution of the

Main Features of Tourism in Spain

In Spain, the international movement of passengers is focused in the airports of Madrid and Barcelona. However, there is also a significant flow of passengers through airports located in and near popular tourist destinations, such as Palma, Malaga, and Tenerife. Efforts are being made to increase the use of air transport for merchandise by improving cargo sections of airports.

Importance of Tourism in Spain

Spain is one of the main global centers for tourism, with 59.8 million tourists visiting in 2014. Tourism contributed almost 12% to GDP. Favorable factors influencing the development of tourism in Spain include the proximity to a European customer base, natural conditions with hot summers and excellent beaches,... Continue reading "Tourism in Spain: Main Features and Types of Tourism" »

Environmental Resistance and Carrying Capacity

Environmental resistance encompasses all factors influencing population growth and size. These factors include:

Biotic Factors

• Food availability
• Predators
• Competitors
• Disease

Abiotic Factors

• Temperature
• Oxygen availability
• Toxins and pollutants

Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals of a species that a habitat can support. When a population reaches its carrying capacity, environmental resistance becomes dominant, increasing the death rate and/or decreasing the birth rate.

Biotic Potential

Biotic potential refers to the inherent ability of a species to reproduce.

Human Population Growth

Medical Revolution

Improvements in sanitation and infectious disease control significantly reduced the death rate.... Continue reading "Environmental Resistance, Population Growth, and Sustainable Agriculture" »

Key Demographic Indicators and Definitions

Understanding population changes requires defining core indicators:

• CBR (Crude Birth Rate): The number of births per population in a specific period.
• CDR (Crude Death Rate): The number of deaths per population in a specific period.
• TFR (Total Fertility Rate): An estimate of the average number of children a woman has during her lifetime.
• RNI (Rate of Natural Increase): The measurement of the difference between births and deaths.
• PD (Population Density): The ratio between the number of people and the size of the area they occupy.

Global Population Dynamics and Trends

Current and Projected World Population

Today, the world's population is approximately 7,000 million (7 billion) and is estimated to reach 9,000... Continue reading "Analyzing World Population Trends and Spain's Demographic Shift" »

Rise of Nazi Regime

The consolidation of Nazis in power began with the Reichstag fire on February 27, 1933. They accused communists and persecuted them, making all other political parties illegal. Hitler eliminated potential rivals in the Night of Long Knives in June 1934, assassinating SA members. After Hindenburg's death, Hitler became president and held all top positions, starting his dictatorship. He introduced anti-Semitic policies, banning Jews from professions in 1933, marriages in 1935, and leading to the Night of Broken Glass in 1938.

Nazi Economy

The Nazis established the 'Beauty of Work' propaganda initiative, abolished trade unions, and banned strikes. They attempted autarchy but focused on public works, military rearmament, and heavy... Continue reading "Rise of Nazi Regime and USSR Economic Policies" »

UNIT 2

Pollution: contamination of the soil, water or air / the process of polluting the air, water… especially by means of poisonous chemicals. 
Environment: the natural world around us. Medioambiente
(to be) green: to be eco-friendly / concerned with protecting the natural world.
Waste: material which has been used and is no longer wanted / used too much.
Reuse: use again. Reutilizar
Recycle: process things that have already been used so they can be used again.
Rubbish  bin: a container for unwanted things or waste material, such as used paper, empty bins and bottles… Papelera
Bottle bank: a container for used glass that you want to recycle. Contenedor de Botellas
Throw away: get rid of / discard something that you don’t want by putting it... Continue reading "Pollution and Environmental Issues: A Glossary of Terms" »

Population Dynamics

Natural Population Change

Natural population change refers to increases and decreases in population produced by biological factors.

Migration

Migration involves a change of residence and job. It can be internal or external.

Population Structure

Population structure is the classification of population based on different criteria.

Population Density

Population density is the relation between the population and the size of the area it occupies.

Natality

Natality is the number of births that take place in a population over a year.

Mortality

Mortality is the number of deaths that take place in a population over a year.

Natural Increase

Natural increase is the number of births minus the number of deaths.

Emigration

Emigration is people leaving... Continue reading "Population Dynamics and Settlements: A Comprehensive Study" »

Sustainable Agriculture and Global Challenges

An alternative approach involves applying fertilizers precisely to specific areas of a field where demand is high, often combined with drip irrigation to deliver water directly to plant roots. While this method can be expensive, it is highly efficient in controlling and reducing the amount of water and fertilizers used in agricultural fields.

Why Malnutrition Persists Globally

• Poverty: Many cannot afford nutritious food.
• Food Shortages: Periods like "hungry seasons" before harvests force families to travel far for food.
• Climate Change: Leading to droughts and floods that disrupt food production.
• Food Waste: Significant amounts of edible food are lost or discarded.
• National Economies: Economic instability