Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Geography

Trade unions:

It's a labour institution whose main aim is to unite workers to tackle injustices at work or in communities in order to get higher pay, more jobs, better and safer working conditions or promote more equality

1st Industrial revolution:

1780-1850, Energy sources: Steam, Coal Machines: Steam engine, spinning mule railway Basic industries: Textiles, Iron Transportation: Train Market: International, Europe Workforce: Factory work (artisan), unorganised workers Spread: England

2nd Industrial revolution:

1850-1945, Energy sources: Electricity, Petrol Machines: Combustion engine, automobile Basic industries: Electricity, Chemicals, Steel, Electric tools, Transportation: Steamship, Automobile, Aeroplane Market: World, Colonial Workforce: Factory... Continue reading "History of Trade Unions and Industrial Revolutions" »

Growth of the Economy and Bourgeoisie

Economy and population expanded along the 18th century.

Population Growth

European population increased from 100 million people to 200 million in the last half of the 18th century. The factors that contributed to this population growth were:

• the increase of agricultural production.
• fewer epidemics.
• rise of the birth rate.
• the decrease of the death rate.

The population growth had several consequences:

• increase of the agricultural production.
• more consumers to buy all kind of goods.
• economic expansion.

The Development of Agriculture and Manufacturing

(economic expansions). Factors to increase agricultural production were:

• new areas were cultivated (pastures and forests were cleared out).
• New crops such as potatoes and corn

SUBPOLAR

Globalization: A Historical Perspective

The term "globalization," coined in 1961, is multifaceted and often interpreted differently. Generally, it refers to the increasing interconnectedness of people worldwide. However, some argue that it primarily revolves around economic interests.

When Did Globalization Begin?

Some scholars suggest that figures like Juan Sebastián Elcano, who circumnavigated the globe during the Age of Exploration, were early precursors to globalization.

The Three Waves of Contemporary Globalization

1850 - World War I: The Rise of Industrialization and Urbanization

This period, primarily driven by Europe and America, witnessed significant advancements in industrialization, technological innovation (e.g., the steam engine and... Continue reading "Understanding the Three Waves of Globalization: A Historical Overview" »

Hello, we are Zelai and Dylan, and we are going to talk to you about the Tasmanian Wilderness.

Location

Tasmania is a state that complies with the Commonwealth of Australia, which is located in Oceania. The state consists of the entire island of Tasmania along with some adjacent islands and is located 240 km southeast of the continent, separated by the Bass Strait.

Landscape

Okay, I'm going to start talking about the landscape of Tasmania. In Tasmania, there is a very different variety of landscapes. We can find very green landscapes full of trees and different types of plants to very large deserts. The Tasmanian *average* temperature is 23ºC during all the year.

Wildlife

The Tasmanian wilderness has one of the most special and rare wild fauna in... Continue reading "Tasmanian Wilderness: Wildlife, Landscape, and Conservation" »

Agrarian Space

It is the land where agrarian activities are undertaken.

Rural Space

It refers to the non-urban areas that are used for agrarian activities, amongst many other activities.

Agriculture

It is concerned with cultivating the soil and growing crops to obtain food and raw materials. It includes the preparation of plant products for people to use and their distribution to markets.

Livestock Farming

It is concerned with domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, raw materials, and labor. It implies a commercial purpose, since animals are reared for financial gain.

Silviculture

It is concerned with the economic use of woodland. It provides food and raw materials for various industries.

Fishing

It... Continue reading "Agrarian and Rural Spaces: Activities, Factors, and Economies" »

Local Government: Key Concepts and Structures

Statutory Law

Laws passed by legislatures.

Common Law

Legal traditions developed through court cases going back to England.

Judicial Federalism

State courts' authority to interpret their own states' constitutional guarantees to expand upon those in the U.S. Constitution.

Judicial Activism

The making of new laws through judicial interpretation of laws and constitutions.

Judicial Restraint

Self-imposed limits on courts to defer to legislative intent or to previous court decisions.

Service Function

Supplying goods and services not sufficiently supplied by private entities; a purpose of local governments.

Political Function

Managing conflict over public policy; a purpose of local governments.

General Purpose Government

A... Continue reading "Understanding Local Government: Key Concepts and Structures" »

Global Economy

International business is transforming the world as never before. The decades following the establishment of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 witnessed unprecedented growth in international trade and investment. Companies focused more and more on the mass production of products and services to meet insatiable world demand. Since the 1980s, emerging markets provided new impetus to worldwide economic interconnectedness. These fast-growth developing economies—some two dozen countries including Brazil, India, China, and Poland—are experiencing substantial market liberalization, privatization, and industrialization, which are fueling global economic transformation. These emerging markets, located on every... Continue reading "The Impact of International Business on the Global Economy" »

HIGH-DEVELOPMENT COUNTRIES

• High GDP per inhabitant
• Extensive middle class
• Democratic political systems
• Major carbon footprint

LOW-DEVELOPMENT COUNTRIES

• Low GDP per inhabitant
• Social differences
• Authoritarian political systems and frequently encountered
• Minor carbon footprint

EMERGING COUNTRIES

• Modest GDP per inhabitant
• Their middle class has grown
• Recently established democratic systems
• Increasing carbon footprint

CAUSES OF DEVELOPMENT INEQUALITIES. DOMESTIC CAUSES

• Climate and weather
• Drought and famine
• Natural hazards
• Landscape
• High population growth
• Endemic disease
• Trade
• Natural resources
• Political corruption
• Industrial development
• Civil war