Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Geography

Hydroelectric energy is generated by flowing water that turns a turbine. This movement creates a current, and this current is converted into energy using turbines and generators.

Hydroelectric Energy in Bizkaia

In Bizkaia, Alstom Hydro in Bilbao is part of the largest global industrial and technology group related to hydroelectric energy, boasting over 100 years of experience.

How Hydroelectric Energy Works

This energy works because water accumulates in one place, then passes through a turbine. The turbine moves, converting the water's movement into energy.

Historical Evolution of Hydroelectric Power

In the past, a wooden wheel was used in the middle of a river. It had a chain of wood that spun over the river, taking water to generate electricity.... Continue reading "Hydroelectric Power: A Clean Energy Source" »

CAMINO DE SANTIAGO

pilgrimage route which continue existing, it became a major pilgrimage route in 11th century because of the invasion of Europe.

PRE-ROMANESQUE ART

period in European art, which emerged from Carolingian Renaissance in the late 8th to 11th century.

RENAISSANCE OF URBAN LIFE

began in the 11th century, the population grew and new population centers developed in ancient Roman cities or in new cities.

BOROUGHS

new neighborhoods for craftsmen and merchants, they were also surrounded by walls, these new parts or cities appeared since the 11th century.

BOURGEOISIE

people who live in the borough and became a new social group, formed by aristocracy and traders.

URBAN ARISTOCRACY

the route of the richest families in a medieval city, they belonged... Continue reading "Medieval Urban Development and Cultural Movements" »

Energy Consumption Evolution: 1900-2050

Description: This graph shows the evolution of energy consumption from 1900 to 2050. It illustrates the use of the following energy sources:

• Renewable: Solar, geothermal, wind, hydroelectric
• Non-Renewable: Nuclear, natural gas, crude oil, coal

Source: Deutsche Shell

Analysis

• 1900: Coal (due to industry) and biomass (wood) were the primary energy sources.
• 1950: Coal, natural gas, and oil (non-renewable) began to grow. Nowadays, their use accounts for 75% to 80% of total energy consumption.
• 1970: Alternative energies (renewable) started being used due to the oil crisis of 1973. Forecasts until 2050 predict that alternative energies will grow in importance, and non-renewable sources will decrease.

Solutions to Prevent

Castilian farmers organized transhumance to feed their livestock.

King Alfonso X was aware of the importance of the livestock in his kingdoms and established the Mesta, an association that looked after the interests of livestock farmers.

The flocks of sheep belonged to rich families who had fiefdoms in the region. Most wool from the sheep was exported to textile mills in northern Europe.

The king agreed to share the creation of laws with the Cortes and to respect the rights of nobility, clergy, and ordinary people through a series of pacts.

The royal court, ciceroy, Cortes, generalidad, chief justice, and Mallorca were ruled by the General Council.

Q.9 What are border roads? Mention its Two importances.

Ans. Strategically important roads in The bordering areas of the country are called border roads. These roads are in The northern and northeastern border areas. Importance of Border roads: -

1) Border roads have improved Accessibility in areas of difficult terrain.2) They have helped in the economic Development of border areas.3) Used to supply military equipments to The borders of our country.

Q.10 State any four problems of Road transport in the country.Ans. Major problems are:i. Road transportation in India is Inadequate keeping in view the volume of traffic and passengers.Ii. About half of the roads are Un-mettal and this limits their usage during the rainy season.iii. The National Highways... Continue reading "Comprehensive Guide to Transportation in India: Roads, Railways, and Pipelines" »

In Spain, the Modern Age began with the Catholic Monarchs. They laid the foundations for Spanish hegemony in Europe, which was consolidated during the 16^th century by Charles I and Philip II.

The Dynastic Union of Castilla and Aragon

The marriage of Isabella I of Castilla and Ferdinand II of Aragón in 1469 was the first step toward the union of the Kingdom of Castilla and the states belonging to the Crown of Aragón. The process was completed in 1479. In reality, this was only a dynastic union, which meant that the rule of the two monarchs was the only thing that the respective territories had in common. These maintained their institutions, laws, customs, and currencies.

The Strengthening of the State

The Catholic Monarchs reinforced their royal... Continue reading "The Catholic Monarchs and the Expansion of Spain" »

Continents of the World

Europe

Relief:

• Alps
• Carpathians
• Caucasus
• Ural Mountains
• Great European Plain

Water:

• Rhine River
• Danube River
• Dnieper River
• Don River
• Volga River
• Lake Ladoga

Climate:

• Mediterranean
• Forest
• Continental
• High Mountains

Landscape:

• Mediterranean Forest
• Deciduous Forest
• Prairies
• Woodland

Fauna:

• Wild Pigs
• Eagles
• Foxes
• Bulls
• Rabbits

Asia

Relief:

• Himalayas
• Plateau of Tibet
• Mount Everest
• Siberian Plateau
• The Archipelago of Japan

Water:

• Yenisey River
• Lena River
• Yangtze River
• Amur River
• Euphrates River
• Ganges River

Climate:

• Dry
• Equatorial
• Tropical
• Desert
• Mediterranean

Landscape:

• Deciduous Forest
• Steppe
• Taiga
• Savanna
• Tundra

Fauna:

• Pandas
• Tigers
• Asian Elephants
• Bears
• Deer

Africa

Relief:

• Rifts
• Valleys
• Drakensberg
• Sahara Desert

Water:

• Nile River
• Niger River
• Congo River
• Lake Victoria
• Orange River

Climate:

• Mediterranean
• Desert
• Equatorial
• Tropical

Natural Cycles

In nature, chemical elements vital to life, such as oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen, are neither made nor destroyed. They are recycled, moving round and round in the natural world in the form of minerals and nutrients. On land, they move from the soil into the plants, then into animals that eat plants, and then sometimes into other animals that eat plant-eating animals. Minerals and nutrients return to the soil either through an animal’s droppings, or whenever any plant or animal dies and rots away. Microorganisms in the soil, such as bacteria, play an important part in releasing the nutrients and minerals from the decaying matter.

Polar Lands

The North Pole is surrounded by the permanently icy Arctic Ocean. At the opposite end of... Continue reading "Natural Cycles and Diverse Ecosystems" »

The Early Modern Age (1453-1789)

Economy

Societies began to experience:

• Increased Agricultural Production: The three-field system was maintained.
• Intensified Commercial Activity: Increased agricultural production resulted in a surplus (excess food production). Products were sold in city markets, and new trade routes appeared.
• Expansion of Craftsmanship: The domestic system was created.
• New Products were brought to Europe.

• Development of Mercantile Capitalism: An economic system in which capital belonged to private owners. Economic growth led to the development of banking.
• Providing Loans: Bankers lent money in exchange for the return of the same amount plus interest.
• New Forms of Payment: The bill of exchange was created (a document that guaranteed

The Kingdoms and Territories of the Catholic Monarchs

The kingdoms and territories of the Catholic Monarchs were inherited by their grandson Charles, born in the Netherlands.

Charles I (1516-1556)

Inherited territories in central and N.Europe from his grandparents.

Philip II (1556-1598)

Didn't inherit his father's territories, nor was he made Holy Roman Emperor. Both monarchs consolidated the authoritarian monarchy, addressed numerous internal conflicts, and governed an empire. The empire helped them impose hegemony across Europe.

The Organisation of the Monarchy

Their rule was assisted by a well-organized public administration. This included royal secretaries, who studied important matters and gave advice.

The organization of the territory was conceived... Continue reading "The Catholic Monarchs and Their European Empire" »