Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

Northern Europe

UK, Ireland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark. Northern Europe consists of two regions: the British Isles and Scandinavia. In the far north lies the scenic Scandinavian Peninsula. The Jutland Peninsula forms the mainland part of Denmark and extends into the North Sea. Flat plains or low hills make up most of the peninsula's interior.

Great Britain

Largest island in Europe. The UK comprises four countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

England

Largest division in the UK.

English Channel

Separates the island from continental Europe.

Ireland

Added in 1801. Northern Ireland stayed.

The Channel Tunnel

The Eurotunnel is a railway tunnel that connects Folkestone with Coquelles beneath the English Channel at the... Continue reading "Exploring Northern Europe: Geography, Culture, and Language" »

THE DUST BOWL

The Fibre Placement Process

Automatically places multiple individual prepreg tows onto a mandrel at high speed, using a numerically controlled, articulating robotic placement head to dispense, clamp, cut and restart as many as 32 tows simultaneously. Machines are available with dual mandrel stations to increase productivity.

Advantages of fibre placement include:

• Processing speed
• Reduced material scrap
• Labour costs
• Parts consolidation
• Improved part-to-part uniformity

Often used to produce large thermoset parts with complex shapes.

Early European Expeditions: Portugal & Castile

• The monarchs of the Kingdoms of Portugal and Castile began to finance exploratory voyages.
• The Kingdom of Portugal sought to reach India via an easterly route, sailing around the coast of Africa to the Indian Ocean.
• These efforts continued until Bartolomeu Dias discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487. Later, an expedition led by Vasco da Gama followed this route, reaching Calcutta, India, in 1498.
• The Kingdom of Castile attempted to reach India via a western route, crossing the Atlantic Ocean. An expedition led by Christopher Columbus discovered a new continent, America, on October 12, 1492.

Christopher Columbus and the Discovery of America

• Christopher Columbus was a sailor, likely from Genoa, who

China: Population 1.3 billion growing rapidly - 1 child policy used in the past

Most population in middle/middle-high income. Therefore spend a lot on luxury goods - more than any other country. Manufacturing hub Fashion industry - open to overseas brands, willing to spend a lot (not price sensitive) GDP growing fast, huge economy, dynamic & successful TRADE - surpassed US as a trading nation, rely heavily on emerging markets such as Brazil for exports but these EM cannot compete with their huge success and dominance. E-commerce industry is huge - no Facebook Whatsapp or Google, they use their own, WeChat has 900 million users. Use phones for everything. “Belt Road Initiative” - extend trade routes & integrate the economy. Opportunities... Continue reading "China: Opportunities and Strategies for Doing Business" »

M12/3/GEOGR/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

2. (a) Río Grande de Santiago: Geographical Characteristics

[4 marks]

Describe the geographical characteristics of the Río Grande de Santiago downstream from La Presa.

1. (b) Human Activity and Water Flow Through Systems

[2+2+2 marks]

Explain three ways in which human activity can reduce the time taken for water to pass through the system.

Causes of Deforestation

• Procuring land for cultivation
• Building houses and factories
• Making furniture, using wood as fuel
• Natural causes such as forest fires and droughts

Effects of Deforestation

• Increase in atmospheric temperature due to increased carbon dioxide concentration, leading to global warming
• Severe droughts and floods
• Changes in soil nature, water holding capacity, and soil erosion, leading to desertification
• Destruction of wildlife habitat, making survival difficult

Conservation Measures

Biosphere

The part of the earth that supports life.

Biodiversity

The variety of organisms on earth, their interrelationships, and their relationship with the environment.

Flora and Fauna

Plants found in a particular area (flora) and animals found in a particular... Continue reading "Deforestation: Causes, Effects, and Conservation Measures" »

Types of Forests in India

Reserved Forests

These forests are earmarked only for the production of timber. Grazing of animals and cultivation of crops are not allowed in these forests. About 54% of forests are grouped under reserved forests.

Protected Forests

These forests are protected from further depletion. The right of grazing and cultivation is allowed with certain restrictions. About 29% of forests come under protected forests.

Unclassed Forests

There are no restrictions in these forests. These forests belong to the government and private individuals. About 16% of forests are unclassed forests.

Project Tiger: A Conservation Success Story

The tiger is one of the most important species among fauna. It was estimated that the population of tigers... Continue reading "Types of Forests in India, Water Scarcity, and Watershed Development" »

News about global warming and its devastating impact on endangered animal habitats is widespread. Many organizations are working tirelessly to protect these species. Animals like orangutans and polar bears are particularly vulnerable.

While many people are disconnected from wildlife, living in urban environments, it's crucial to recognize that human actions often contribute to the endangerment of these animals. Increasing pollution threatens all species, and we have a responsibility to protect them. We must take action, such as reducing deforestation and educating future generations, to safeguard our planet.

Zoos, while offering a glimpse into the lives of these animals, often highlight the limitations of their captive environments. Creating... Continue reading "Protecting Endangered Species: A Call to Action" »