Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

The Urbanization Process

The urbanization process consists of concentrating population and the most dynamic economic and cultural activities within cities.

Antiquity

In Europe, the urbanization process began around the third millennium BC with the creation of cities in the Eastern Mediterranean by trading civilizations like Crete. However, the definitive push toward urbanization came in the 8th century BC, first with the Greeks and then with Roman rule, which spread cities all across the empire.

In Spain, the first cities (Cádiz and Ampurias) emerged in the 8th century BC thanks to colonization by Mediterranean peoples (Phoenicians and Greeks). The number of cities increased during the period of Roman rule, when numerous cities were founded, such... Continue reading "The Urbanization Process: From Ancient Cities to Modern Metropolises" »

1.1 The Concept of a City

Human settlement refers to the distribution of the population over a territory, which can be either rural or urban.

a) Rural Settlement:

• Characterized by a low number of inhabitants and low population density. The specific criteria for what constitutes a rural settlement can vary depending on the region. For example, in Norway, a city can have as few as 200 inhabitants.
• Typically features low-rise buildings that can be either concentrated or dispersed.
• The primary economic activities are related to the primary sector, which involves obtaining natural resources.
• Life in rural settlements is often characterized by close social ties and a strong sense of community belonging.
• Examples of rural settlements include villages and

SEA AND OCEAN CONTAMINATION

As we can see in the news and society, the oceans and seas are completely contaminated. The principal cause is humans. This has a lot of consequences in the ecosystem. There are different types of contamination, like the plastic droop in the ocean, factories, rubbish, ships fuel, etc.

This causes have negative consequences:

• The problem of the plastic is that the animals mix up with their food and when they eat that plastic, they die. Also affects when moving in the water, they make injury with plastics and can cause death.
• Because of the ships fuel pouring, the water contaminates, making ocean animals sick. Then if humans eat that fish with a disease, it can cause death in that person.
• Also, the plastic contamination

- Period= 1780- 1850/ 1850- 1945

Northern Europe

UK, Ireland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark. Northern Europe consists of two regions: the British Isles and Scandinavia. In the far north lies the scenic Scandinavian Peninsula. The Jutland Peninsula forms the mainland part of Denmark and extends into the North Sea. Flat plains or low hills make up most of the peninsula's interior.

Great Britain

Largest island in Europe. The UK comprises four countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

England

Largest division in the UK.

English Channel

Separates the island from continental Europe.

Ireland

Added in 1801. Northern Ireland stayed.

The Channel Tunnel

The Eurotunnel is a railway tunnel that connects Folkestone with Coquelles beneath the English Channel at the... Continue reading "Exploring Northern Europe: Geography, Culture, and Language" »

THE DUST BOWL

The Fibre Placement Process

Automatically places multiple individual prepreg tows onto a mandrel at high speed, using a numerically controlled, articulating robotic placement head to dispense, clamp, cut and restart as many as 32 tows simultaneously. Machines are available with dual mandrel stations to increase productivity.

Advantages of fibre placement include:

• Processing speed
• Reduced material scrap
• Labour costs
• Parts consolidation
• Improved part-to-part uniformity

Often used to produce large thermoset parts with complex shapes.

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia. It has a population of 33 million.

Most of Afghanistan has a subarctic mountain climate with dry and cold winters, except for the lowlands, which have arid and semiarid climates. The climate in the highlands varies with elevation. The coolest temperatures usually occur on the heights of the mountains. The GDP per capita is $590.

In 2002, an estimated 900,000 boys attended school, while women and girls were almost completely excluded from educational opportunities.

Is Tidal Energy Renewable or Non-Renewable?

Tidal energy is renewable because it uses tides as its supplier. In other words, the source of energy can be easily restored after use. Also, it produces energy at a higher rate than it is consumed, considering that energy is constantly being produced with the movement of the tide.

Tidal Energy Process

The process begins by placing a turbine on a coastal line with high tidal movement. These turbines are made to use the kinetic energy from the tides in order to produce electricity. Attached to the generator is a rod which then attaches to the rotor. When the turbine uses the kinetic energy by turning due to the tides, the rotor filled with magnets turns and generates electrical energy.

Economic Advantage

It'... Continue reading "Tidal Energy: Renewable and Sustainable" »