Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for English

Conditionals

0 Conditional

if + Present Simple + Present Simple

Situations that are always true or happen repeatedly.

1st Conditional

if + Present Simple + will (verb)

Describes what happens if a condition is met.

2nd Conditional

if + Past Simple + would (verb)

Imaginary future situations, hypothetical cases, unlikely events.

3rd Conditional

If + Past Perfect, would have + Past Participle

Impossible conditions as they refer to the past.

The Passive Voice

Present Simple: The waiter serves the customers (A) --> The customers are served by the waiter (P)

Present Continuous: ...is serving... --> ...are being served...

Past Simple: ...served... --> ...were served...

Past Continuous: ...was serving... --> ...were being served...

Present Perfect Simple:

Anthropomorphism is the act of describing animals, objects, etc., as having human qualities. I am not trying to sound smart when I mention this beautiful word, nor am I quoting from the Zootopia trailer. In fact, I may have even pronounced the word wrong and made several grammatical mistakes during the definition. However, if I were an animal, say a gecko, would I be embarrassed by my pronunciation and grammar skills? Obviously, no. But wait, how do I know that the gecko species does not have a complex system of language and maybe has the same amount of vocabulary and grammar as French? We humans, when thinking of animals, especially our pets, often classify them as four-legged or no-legged people. To partially understand animals, we need to... Continue reading "Understanding Anthropomorphism: Insights into Animal Behavior" »

Social Interactions: Participants and Occasions

Participants in Social Events:

Takes part in:

1. Acquaintances (ezagunak)
   • a. Blind date 1, 12, 13
2. Business associates (socios)
   • b. Business meeting 2, 3
   • c. Celebration meal 2, 3, 6, 7, 11
   • l. Conference call 2, 3
   • m. Social-networking site 1, 2, 3, 5, 11, 13
3. Clients
   • b. Business meeting 2, 3
   • c. Celebration meal 2, 3, 6, 7, 11
   • l. Conference call 2, 3
   • m. Social-networking site 1, 2, 3, 5, 11, 13
4. Delegates (politikoak)
   • d. Conference 2, 3, 4, 9, 10
5. Ex-classmates
   • e. Dating website 12, 13
   • j. School reunion 5, 6
   • m. Social-networking site 1, 2, 3, 5, 11, 13
6. Friends
   • c. Celebration meal 2, 3, 6, 7, 11
   • f. Dinner party 6, 7, 11
   • i. Housewarming party 6, 7, 8, 11
   • j. School reunion 5, 6
7. Guests (gonbidatuak)
   • c. Celebration meal 2, 3, 6, 7, 11
   • f.

Chapter 1: Walter Hartright's Encounter

• Describe the woman Walter met on his way home. A woman dressed all in white.
• What did the woman in white say to Walter that surprised him? She asked him if he knew the way to Regent's Park.

Chapter 2: Introducing Key Figures

• Who is Frederick Fairlie? Laura's uncle.
• Who is the woman in white? Anne Catherick.

Chapter 3: Walter's Departure from Limmeridge

• Why did Walter have to leave Limmeridge House? Because he was in love with Laura.

Chapter 4: A Frightening Graveside Meeting

• How did the woman at the graveside react when she saw Walter? She was frightened and screamed.

Chapter 5: Sir Percival's Arrival and Secret

• How did Laura Fairlie greet Sir Percival when he arrived at Limmeridge House? She did not greet him.
• What

This list presents common irregular English verbs along with their principal parts (base form, past simple, past participle) and their Spanish meanings.

• Learn: learn, learnt/learned, learnt/learned (aprender)
• Shoot: shoot, shot, shot (disparar)
• Leave: leave, left, left (dejar, irse, salir)
• Show: show, showed, shown (mostrar)
• Lend: lend, lent, lent (prestar)
• Shut: shut, shut, shut (cerrar)
• Lie: lie, lay, lain (permitir, dejar)
• Sing: sing, sang, sung (cantar)
• Lie: lie, lied, lied (mentir)
• Sink: sink, sank, sunk (hundirse)
• Light: light, lit, lit (encender)
• Sit: sit, sat, sat (sentarse)
• Lose: lose, lost, lost (perder)
• Sleep: sleep, slept, slept (dormir)
• Make: make, made, made (hacer, fabricar)
• Smell: smell, smelt/smelled, smelt/smelled (oler)
• Mean: mean, meant,

The Life of William Shakespeare, English Playwright

William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in England. He was the third of eight children, the son of John Shakespeare, a merchant, and his wife, Mary Arden.

Early Life and Education

William attended primary school in his town. However, he did not finish school or attend university because his father's business was not prosperous, forcing William to become a butcher's apprentice to help support his family.

Marriage and Move to London

In 1582, he married Anne Hathaway, the daughter of a farmer. They had a daughter named Susanna and a pair of twins. Shakespeare left for London in 1588, marking the beginning of his illustrious career as a writer, actor, and poet.

He first gained recognition as... Continue reading "The Life and Literary Legacy of William Shakespeare" »

Irregular Verb List

Be was / were been ser

Beat beat beaten colpejar

Become became become arribar a ser

Begin began begun començar

Bet bet/betted bet/betted apostar

Bite bit bitten morder

Break broke broken romper

Bring brought brought traer

Build built built construir

Buy bought bought comprar

Catch caught caught atrapar

Choose chose chosen elegir

Come came come venir

Cost cost cost costar

Cut cut cut

Do did done hacer

Draw drew drawn dibujar

Dream dreamt dreamt somiar

Drink drank drunk beber

Drive drove driven conduir

Eat ate eaten comer

Fall fell fallen caer

Feed fed fed alimentar

Feel felt felt sentir

Fight fought fought pelear

Find found found trobar

Fly flew flown volar

Forget forgot forgotten olvidar

Forgive forgave forgiven perdonar

Get got got rebre

Give gave given... Continue reading "Irregular Verb List: Master English Verb Conjugation" »

Airport

The place you go when you want to travel by plane to another city

Bakery

You can buy fresh bread and cakes here

Bank

You deposit or withdraw/take out your money here. You can cash a cheque

Bookstore

A place where you can buy books and magazines

Bus Station

The place you go when you want to travel by bus to another city

Butcher's

They sell fresh meat

Café

You can buy a cup of coffee and cakes or sandwiches

Church

A religious place of worship

Court

The place where they have trials and law cases. A judge works here

Craft Market

A place that sells typical products of a region/country

Department Store

A large store that sells clothes, household appliances, etc. in sections

Cinema/Movies

You can see the latest movies here. Many people eat popcorn while they're... Continue reading "Essential Places in a City: From Airports to Zoos" »

English Verb Tenses: Active vs. Passive

Present Simple

• Active: cleans
• Passive: is cleaned

Present Continuous

• Active: is writing
• Passive: is being written

Simple Past

• Active: repaired
• Passive: was repaired

Past Continuous

• Active: was helping
• Passive: was being helped

Present Perfect

• Active: have visited
• Passive: has been visited

Present Perfect Continuous

• Active: have been doing
• Passive: has been being done

Past Perfect

• Active: had repaired
• Passive: had been repaired

Past Perfect Continuous

• Active: had been preparing
• Passive: had been being prepared

Simple Future (Will)

• Active: will finish
• Passive: will be finished

Simple Future (Be Going To)

• Active: is going to make
• Passive: is going to be made

Future Continuous (Will)

• Active: will be washing
• Passive: will be being washed

Future

A Letter of Disappointment

Regarding "Young People Are Lazy and Impolite"

Dear Editor,

I was disappointed to read your article on the 9th of February, "Young People Are Lazy and Impolite". I'm tired of reading false stories that all young people are uncaring, lazy, or impolite when this is not true.

I am a person who studies and works at the same time. I also care about my family and friends. I consider myself a responsible girl. Moreover, in my free time, I like to have fun and go out with my friends.

Furthermore, all of my friends study or work, and they are concerned about their future.

In summary, not all young people are lazy and rude. What's happening is that people classify all young people without knowing them personally.

Yours faithfully,... Continue reading "Letters to the Editor: A Compilation" »