Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Design and Engineering

Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus

Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus are the formal query languages for a relational model. Both form the base for the SQL language which is used in most of the relational DBMSs. Relational Algebra is a procedural language. On the other hand, Relational Calculus is a declarative language. Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus can be further differentiated on many aspects, which I have discussed below with the help of a comparison chart.

Linux

Digital Marketing (DM)

Overview

DM promotes brands through digital channels globally, offering targeted, personalized, cost-effective, and measurable marketing solutions.

Changes in E-commerce

Before

• Audience and medium-centered
• Periodic updates
• Scarcity of information
• Stages & consent-driven interactions
• Unidirectional communication
• Focus on information dissemination

Now

• User-centered
• Multimedia content
• Content-centered
• Real-time updates
• Abundance of information
• Hypertext navigation
• Knowledge sharing
• Two-way communication

Four DM Strategies

1. Database Marketing (DB): Designing and communicating the brand (e.g., Coca-Cola) to increase engagement, enhance customer experience, and cater to both old and new customers.
2. Customer Experience Design (CXD): Providing the

Phys Evidence - Serv Envirom

(Important element of service mark mix) Service environment relates to style and appearance of physical surroundings and other elements by custom designing. Service environment is an art, involves time, effort, and can be expensive.

Purpose of Service Environment: Shape customer's experience and behavior, signal quality and position, differentiate and strengthen brand, core component of value position, facilitate service encounter.

Servicescape Model

Model developed by MaryJo Bitner. An important contribution of Bitner's is the inclusion of employee responses to service environment. Internal customer and employee responses can be cognitive, emotional, or physiological responses. Dimensions of service environment include... Continue reading "The Importance of Service Environment in Shaping Customer Experience" »

TESTCANCEL

EXCEPTION expected

• Service already cancelled, we capture and check text before throwing the exception
• @throws CityServiceException

@Test(expected = CityServiceException.class)

public void testAssignExceptionText () throws CityServiceException {

Activity a = moderator.cancel(service, "already exists");

assertNotNull(a);

try {

moderator.cancel(service, "reported by another user");

}

catch (CityServiceException e) {

assertEquals("Service was already cancelled", e.getMessage());

throw e;

}

//fail

fail();

}

TESTCOMMENT

EXCEPTION expected

• User not found. The user is not found, we capture and check text before throwing the exception
• @throws CityServiceException

@Test(expected = CityServiceException.class)

public void testUserNotFoundCheckText () throws CityServiceException... Continue reading "City Service Exception Tests" »

Translation of Axis

When you need to simplify equations, mainly the conics (circumference, parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola), you need to create a pair of coordinate axes parallel to the originals. This enables working with equations more simply.

This creation of axes is known as parallel translation of axes and consists of moving one or both axes so that the origin moves to a new position, and the axes are parallel to the original.

In the following figure, you can see how you can translate the equations of the curves from one Cartesian plane x and y to a Cartesian plane x’ and y’.

The new origin O’ is defined, and the axes x’ and y’ are parallel to the original axes x and y, so that for a point P(x,y) you have P(x’,y’). With this,... Continue reading "Axis Translation and Rotation: Simplifying Conic Equations" »

June 2010

1. Understanding Camera Components: True Statements

Select the statement(s) that is/are true:

• The shutter is the system that regulates the light beam through the lens.
• The image compensation mechanism is located in the camera body, and its effect is more pronounced with faster films.
• In analog sensors, spectral sensitivity does not depend on the size of film grain.
• The diaphragm helps provide a uniform distribution of light from the image.

2. What is Accommodation in Optics?

Select the correct definition of accommodation:

• A psychological mechanism that gives us the perception of relief.
• A physiological mechanism that allows us to adequately focus images by adjusting the cornea.
• The process by which we obtain sharp images of objects.

3. Identifying

Heavy Work in Construction

Key Construction Stages

• Design or Layout on the Ground
• Excavations
• Soil Improvement
• Emplantillado (Screed/Blinding)
• Concrete Foundations
• Plinth
• Fillers
• Pillars, Columns, and Piers
• Reinforced Concrete Walls
• Masonry Walls: Bricks and Concrete Blocks
• Establishing Chain Axes for the Project
• Beams and Lintels
• Reinforced Concrete
• Prefabricated Slabs
• Radieres (Slab on Grade)

Site Layout or Field Drawing

Materialization of Project Axes

Depending on the type of work, required accuracy, and project scope, equipment ranging from common tools (hose level, spirit level, steel tape measures, and other fabric measuring tapes) to more precise instruments like the telescopic level, total station, or theodolite may be used. These advanced instruments... Continue reading "Core Construction Processes: Layout, Excavation, Foundations" »

Systematic Layout Planning (SLP)

The Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) methodology provides a common framework for solving facility layout and implementation problems.

Core Elements of SLP

• Product (P): Characteristics of the product being manufactured.
• Quantity (Q): Volume of production.
• Tour (R): The path or flow of materials and products.
• Service (S): Support services required.
• Time (T): Time considerations for production and processes.

The SLP Sequence: Phases of Analysis

The SLP sequence involves a preliminary analysis of production, routes to be used, activity relationships, and more. It is structured into three distinct phases:

Phase I: PQ Analysis and Relational PQ Diagram

This phase involves an analysis of Product-Quantity (PQ) to generate a Relational