Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Computers

Understanding Computer Networks

A network is created when more than one device is connected together. A network can be a small collection of computers connected within a building (e.g., a school, business, or home) or it can be a wide collection of computers connected around the world.

Data Packet Transmission

The main purpose of networking is to share data between computers. A file has to be broken up into small chunks of data known as data packets in order to be transmitted over a network. The data is then rebuilt once it reaches the destination computer. Networking hardware is required to connect computers and manage how data packets are communicated. Protocols are used to control how data is transmitted across networks.

Local Area Networks

The 7 Layers of the OSI Model

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven distinct layers. Understanding these layers is fundamental to grasping how data communication occurs across networks.

Application Layer (Layer 7)

The Application Layer, OSI Model Layer 7, supports application and end-user processes. Key functions include identifying communication partners, defining quality of service, considering user authentication and privacy, and identifying any constraints on data syntax. Everything at this layer is application-specific.

This layer provides application services for file transfers, e-mail, and other network software services. Examples of applications existing entirely at this... Continue reading "The 7 Layers of the OSI Model Explained for Networking Professionals" »

The Scrum Guide

Framework for developing and sustaining complex adaptive problems, while productively and creatively delivering products of the highest possible value. Scrum is lightweight, simple to understand and difficult to master.

The Scrum Team

The Scrum Team: Self-organizing teams choose how best to accomplish their work, rather than being directed by others outside the team. It is designed to optimize flexibility, creativity, and productivity. It consists of:

• The Product Owner: Responsible for maximizing the value of the product and the work of the team. Responsible for managing the Product Backlog.
• The Development Team: Professionals who do the work of delivering a potentially releasable increment of 'Done' product at the end of each Sprint.

What is a software and what is a good software?

A software is a program on a computer which contains information and data. A good software is the one that fulfills the needs and hasn’t got bugs.

Software vs Hardware

Software: not touchable, variable and implemented in order to achieve goals. Hardware: invariable

SOFTWARE ETHICS:

• Confidentiality - Not telling the others because they can copy.
• Competence - To know what you’re doing.
• Intellectual property rights - not steal others ideas because it’s not moral.
• Computer misuse - don’t do things that you are not allowed to.
• Stuxnet: virus that will destroy softwares and hardwares.

SOFTWARE EVALUATION PROCESS:

• Specification: What do I need?
• Development: The programmer does it.
• Validation: Does it work?

Unit 12 Vocabulary

1. Scripting Languages Interpreted

2. Get Out Stuff.

3. Browser Encoded Docs.

4. Programming Model Dataflow

5. Architecture Underlying

6. Retrieve Shift Key.

7. Relieves Infrastructure

8. Message Board Online Discussion.

9. Responsive Web Design.

10. Spreadsheet Financial Planning

Language Focus

1.‐a.‐The program will prompt you with a message if you try to exit the set‐up program.

b.‐If the system detects installed devices, the driver’s menu will show the available device drivers.

c.‐You can change the value of a field if the item is configurable.

d.‐If any of the components are defective, the problem will usually show up in the burn‐in process.

e.‐If this utility finds there is missing software, it lists the missing software... Continue reading "Unit 12 Vocabulary: Scripting Languages, Dataflow, and Architecture" »

C++ Code Examples: Data Filtering and Sorting

This document presents two fundamental C++ programming examples. The first demonstrates how to process user input to extract and display only unique integer values, effectively removing duplicates. The second illustrates the classic Bubble Sort algorithm for arranging elements in ascending order within a std::vector.

Filtering Duplicate Integers in C++

This C++ program prompts the user to enter 20 integers. It then processes these inputs to identify and store only the unique values, discarding any duplicates. Finally, it displays the list of non-duplicate integers.

Program Description: Unique Element Extraction

• Initializes an array a of size 20 to store unique elements, along with a subscript to track

What is bleed? When any image or element on a page touches the edge of the page, extending beyond the trim edge leaving no margin it is said to bleed. It may bleed or extend off one or more sides.

What is slug? Non-printing information (such as a title and date) used to identify a document outside bleed area.

What is Trim - The final size of a printed page after excess edges of paper have been cut off What is Gutter - The area between columns on a page or the blank space between two facing pages in print

Match each file format with the kind of information it would likely be used to save?
o TIFF = A loss-less bit-mapped file format for high-resolution photographic images, typically in print
a EPS = A vector-based file format for high-resolution... Continue reading "Understanding Bleed, Slug, Trim, and Gutter in Print Design" »

Javascript

The async attribute allows the browser to process the web page concurrently with loading and processing the JavaScript.

The defer attribute allows the browser to load the web page concurrently with loading the JavaScript, but the JavaScript is not processed until the web page is completely loaded.script src="bootstrap.js" async>script>

A change event is caused by an element value being modified. Ex: Selecting an item in a radio button group causes a change event.

An input event is caused when the value of an input or textarea element is changed.

A load event is caused when the browser completes loading a resource and dependent resources. Usually load is used with the body element to execute code once all the web page's CSS, JavaScript,

◦ Performs an action if a condition is true and performs a different action if the condition is false.

◦ Double-selection statement—selects between two different actions (or groups of actions).

}switch statement

◦ Performs one of several actions, based on the value of an expression.

◦ Multiple-selection statement—selects among many different actions (or groups of actions).

Iteration Statements in Java

}Four iteration statements (also called iteration statements or looping statements)

◦ Perform statements repeatedly while a loop-continuation condition remains true.

}

while and for statements perform the action(s) in their bodies zero or more times

◦ if the loop-continuation condition is initially false, the body will not execute.

}The do…while... Continue reading "Java Control Statements and Operators" »