Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Computers

Loop Invariant:

Big-Theta, Big-Oh, Big-Omega

The application of several binary codes in microprocessor technique

Nbà + integer arithmetic, table/matrix indexing, event counting., C2à integer arithmetic, exponents in floating point notation.,Bcdà Faults:not effetive use of binary Word, absence of sign., Grayà code disksor bars to control position of moving elements., AScià Communication(text), service of: mosaic display, printers, autonomous keyboards.

Neuman:

It has a single storage system, Processor needs two clocks cycles. Dont use pipeline, Only one bus is used for both data transfers, older

Harvards:

It has two separated memories, 1 cycle if appropiate pipeling strategies, It has separate data and instruction busses, modern

Enumerate the phases of processor instruction execution.

Instruction... Continue reading "Microprocessor Techniques: Binary Codes and Instruction Execution" »

Code in MIPS to add the 4 integer variables: a, b, c, d.

Add e,a,b # a gets b+c or a,b,c # a gets b+c

Add e,e,c # a gets a+dor a,a,c, # a gets a+d

Add e,e,d # a gets a+ eor a,a,e # a gets a+e

Code in MIPS for: f = (g + h) ‐ (i + j);

or #f,.., j are mapped to $s0, ., $s4
add t0,g,h #temp t0=g+hadd $t0,$s1,$s2

add t1,i,j #temp t1=i+jadd $t1,$s3,$s4

sub f,t0,t1 #f=t0-t1sub $s0,$t0,$t1

Why the size of a register is 32 bit?

32 bit occurs frequently and thus in MIPS, it has a special name ‘word’. Size 32 aligns well with the MIPS instruction format.

‘MIPS is Big Endian’ – what does it mean?

Most significant byte at least address of a word.

What are lw and sw instructions used for?

MIPS data transfer instructions with an address to access particular... Continue reading "MIPS Code Examples and Register Optimization" »

Routing in Packet Switching Networks • Key design issue for (packet) switched networks  • Select route across network between end nodes • Characteristics required:

– Correctness – Simplicity – Robustness – Stability  – Fairness  – Optimality – Efficiency

Internet Routing Protocols • Routers are responsible for receiving and forwarding packets through the interconnected set of networks – Makes routing decisions based on knowledge of the topology and traffic/delay conditions of the internet – Routers exchange routing information using a special routing protocol Ø Two concepts in considering the routing function: – Routing information Ø Information about the topology and delays of the internet – Routing algorithm... Continue reading "Which two statements are true about the router ID in a single area OSPF network" »

Computer System Components

There are five main hardware components in a computer system: Input, Processing, Storage, Output and Communication devices. These are devices used for entering data or instructions to the central processing unit.

Five basic components of computer system

• Input Unit: Data and instructions must enter the computer system before any computation can be performed on the supplied data. The input unit that links the external environment with the computer system performs this task.
• Output Unit: The job of an output unit is just the reverse of that of an input unit. It supplies information and results of computation to the outside world, linking the computer with the external environment.
• Storage Unit: The data and instructions that

FIR Filters

A Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter is characterized by its finite-duration impulse response, settling to zero in a finite time. Unlike Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters, which can have internal feedback and respond indefinitely, an Nth-order discrete-time FIR filter's impulse response lasts precisely N+1 samples. FIR filters are predominantly implemented in software and can be continuous-time analog or digital and discrete-time.

Transfer Function of FIR Filter

Frequency Response

IIR Filters

An Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter is a recursive filter where the output is calculated using current and previous inputs and outputs. This feedback mechanism within the filter structure is a defining characteristic. IIR filter design... Continue reading "FIR vs. IIR Filters: Advantages, Disadvantages, & Structures" »

What is a Basic Block?

A basic block is a sequence of instructions with no embedded branches (except at the end) and no branch targets (except at the beginning). A compiler identifies basic blocks for optimization. An advanced processor can accelerate the execution of basic blocks.

Six Steps Involved in Procedure Calling

1. Place parameters in registers.
2. Transfer control to the procedure.
3. Acquire storage resources.
4. Perform the desired operation.
5. Place the result in a register for the caller.
6. Return to the point of origin.

Register Saving Responsibilities

Between the caller and callee, the responsibility for saving registers is as follows:

• Temporary registers ($t*): Can be overwritten by the callee.
• Saved temporary registers ($s*): Saved and restored by the

Dynamic Table Generator

ROW:
COL:

EXPLAIN WHICH FACTORS CAN AFFECT STORE IMAGE, DESIGN AND OPERATION COMMITMENT:

It's people’s desire to maintain consistency with previous deeds or choices. Once they have made a decision, they tend to move ahead automatically, convinced that they have made the right choice. SOCIAL PROOF: It's a factor of influence rooted in the maxim “if everybody’s doing it, it must be okay.” Aside from word-of-mouth advertising, a store can convey a message of social proof by attracting people into or in front of the store. AUTHORITY: People do many things simply because they are directed by an authority figure to do so, and store merchants often rely on this principle to sell their products. High-end items, such as jewelry, artwork, and rare collectibles,... Continue reading "Factors Affecting Store Image and Design" »

Which C development tool may add automatically malicious source code to the original application source code?

C Preprocessor

Which C software development tool may inadvertently add compiled object/binary code to the original compiled application object code?

Linker or Linkage Editor

If two programmers are developing two separate files a.c and b.c to be merged into one source code before compilation, and one declares in a.c global integer variable int j; how should the other programmer declare and use the same integer variable j in the source code b.c. Write a line of code that allows the second programmer to use in b.c declaration of variable j from the first file a.c?

extern int j;

What does ELF specify?

Executable file format, Executable file header,... Continue reading "C Development Tools and Functions: A Comprehensive Guide" »