Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Competitive examination

Understanding Moral Reasoning

The Moral Practical Reason for Moral Action: Essentially, human behavior (conscious and free), controlled by values and rules (expressions of such values) that allow us to distinguish between morally good and bad.

Conscience and Moral Awareness

Conscience: Awareness is the ability to move humans to notice something.

Moral Science and Principles

Moral Science: The ability of practical reason to capture the moral principles which can distinguish between morally good and bad. The individual must be aware of the following elements:

• The Reasons: Impel us to act in one way or another.
• The Purpose: To want to achieve and moves the will.
• Means: To be used for the end result.
• The Result: The achievement of the end pursued.

Piaget

Topic 10: Social Policy of Educational Institutions

Defining Human Rights

There are three main perspectives on defining human rights:

• Positivism: Rights based on legal texts and goodwill, often aspirational but not always legally binding. These positive rights may not be fully captured or enforced within specific legal systems.
• Natural Law: Inherent rights preceding positive law, reflecting universal human needs and aspirations. This perspective views human rights as a higher moral order, objective and universal, influencing legal frameworks.
  • Relative Natural Law: A dynamic approach recognizing the evolving nature of human rights and the need for continuous critical assessment and incorporation into legal systems.

Historical Context

• 17th Century: