Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

Port Competitiveness

Interportuaria Competition

Competition interportuaria occurs between different ports to secure traffic.

Intraportuaria Competition

Competition intraportuaria occurs between operators within the same port to secure specific traffic.

Collaborations exist in sectors such as: education, commercial research, and management agreements. Infrastructure examples include the rail links for Cartagena, Barranquilla, and Santa Marta.

Maritime Operator Strategies

• Port-to-port operations.
• Optimize economies of scale and shipping lines.
• Specialized services to fulfill changing needs.

Main Ship-owners

Examples include: Maersk Lines, MSC, Evergreen Group, CMA-CGM.

Ship-owner Types

• Global: Operating on main routes with alliances feeding world hubs.
• Emerging:

Rob Greenfield: The Mountain-Cleaning Mountaineer

Why Does Rob Collect Rubbish?

1. Personal Benefits: Rob benefits from collecting rubbish in several ways. It's a healthy hobby that keeps him active and provides a sense of purpose. The act of cleaning up his environment brings him satisfaction.

2. Everest Expedition: Rob's dedication to cleaning up mountains garnered significant publicity, which ultimately enabled him to embark on an expedition to Mount Everest in 2006.

Fact or Fiction: Analyzing Rob's Actions

Let's examine some statements about Rob and determine their validity based on the provided text:

Statements and Justification:

1. Statement: Rob climbs mountains because it's challenging.
   Answer: False. The text states that Rob climbs mountains

WHAT SUPERCONSUMERS Fancy

Having fun, reviewing things with their friends, receiving relevant information, getting in touch, having thrills, and above all…

NOT WASTING TIME

Therefore, conventional advertising is not always among their priorities.

SUPERCONSUMERS Are Not to Be Found

THEY need to be met with an appealing plan, so they realize that they fancy staying a bit longer with us, with the brands they LOVE

THE BRAND LOVE CURVE:

INDIFFERENT – LIKE IT - LOVE IT - MY BRAND

SUPERCONSUMERS

If the plan interests them, they will come, and if they have fun, they will become our best ally and will come back with their friends. For this new AUDIENCE let’s find NEW SPACES AND TIMES

Ideas That Go Beyond Pre-Existing Media

If the idea does not adapt to conventional... Continue reading "Understanding Superconsumers and Media Planning" »

Paid, Owned, and Earned Media

Paid Media

Paid media involves paying for exposure and offers various options, such as website ads, radio commercials, and TV ads. It is the most common form of advertising used by brands. Examples include sponsored articles, banner ads, and press releases.

Consumers tend to be more skeptical of paid media due to its promotional nature.

Owned Media

Owned media refers to channels created and controlled by brands themselves. This includes social media profiles (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), corporate blogs, and websites.

Brands have complete control over the content and messaging on their owned media channels.

Earned Media

Earned media involves organic exposure and publicity generated through word-of-mouth, customer reviews,... Continue reading "Understanding Paid, Owned, and Earned Media: A Comprehensive Guide" »

Social Interactions: Participants and Occasions

Participants in Social Events:

Takes part in:

1. Acquaintances (ezagunak)
   • a. Blind date 1, 12, 13
2. Business associates (socios)
   • b. Business meeting 2, 3
   • c. Celebration meal 2, 3, 6, 7, 11
   • l. Conference call 2, 3
   • m. Social-networking site 1, 2, 3, 5, 11, 13
3. Clients
   • b. Business meeting 2, 3
   • c. Celebration meal 2, 3, 6, 7, 11
   • l. Conference call 2, 3
   • m. Social-networking site 1, 2, 3, 5, 11, 13
4. Delegates (politikoak)
   • d. Conference 2, 3, 4, 9, 10
5. Ex-classmates
   • e. Dating website 12, 13
   • j. School reunion 5, 6
   • m. Social-networking site 1, 2, 3, 5, 11, 13
6. Friends
   • c. Celebration meal 2, 3, 6, 7, 11
   • f. Dinner party 6, 7, 11
   • i. Housewarming party 6, 7, 8, 11
   • j. School reunion 5, 6
7. Guests (gonbidatuak)
   • c. Celebration meal 2, 3, 6, 7, 11
   • f.

Special Events: Purpose and Goals

Special events encompass rituals, presentations, performances, and celebrations designed to commemorate specific occasions and achieve social, cultural, or corporate goals.

Government Perspective on Events

Governments utilize event strategies to guide their involvement, prioritize initiatives, and facilitate decision-making. They establish dedicated spaces for public events and often integrate these events with national anniversaries and celebrations. Key objectives include staff training, network development, and public communication.

Levels of Government Involvement

• National Government: Organizes major celebrations of national significance, international political and economic events (e.g., Commonwealth events)

OLIGOPOLY

A market structure characterized by a small number of sellers, each offering products that are similar or identical to those of their competitors. Examples of oligopolistic industries include chocolate bars, brewing, banking, oil, and supermarkets.

CONCENTRATION RATIO

The proportion of the total market share held by the top firms in an industry. For instance, a five-firm concentration ratio of 80% indicates that five companies control 80% of the market share.

GAME THEORY

The study of how individuals make decisions in strategic situations, considering the potential responses of others to their actions. Game theory is crucial for understanding oligopolies, as firms in these markets must act strategically due to the limited number of competitors.... Continue reading "Understanding Oligopolies: Market Structure, Game Theory, and Cooperation" »

Monopoly

A monopoly exists when a firm is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes.

How Monopolies Arise

1. Natural Monopoly: Economies of scale allow only one firm to produce the entire output at the lowest average cost.
2. Control of Resources: Ownership or control of essential raw materials or unique production techniques.
3. Legal Protection: Patents, copyrights, and trademarks grant exclusive production rights.

Public Policies Against Monopoly

1. Competitive Legalisation: Banning anti-competitive pricing strategies like price fixing, predatory pricing, or price gouging.
2. Public Ownership: Government operation of a private monopoly.

Price Discrimination

Price discrimination occurs when a firm charges different prices for the same product to different... Continue reading "Monopoly, Monopolistic Competition, and Price Discrimination in Economics" »

Addressing Externalities to Achieve Social Optimum

Negative Production Externality: Adjusting Equilibrium

The social cost of production exceeds the private cost reflected in the supply curve. The socially optimal quantity is where the value to consumers (demand curve) equals the social cost curve. A tax imposed on producers, reflecting the social cost, shifts the supply curve to coincide with the social-cost curve, thus achieving the social optimum.

Positive Production Externality: Adjusting Equilibrium

The social cost of production is less than the private cost reflected in the supply curve. The ideal outcome is to produce more than the private market dictates. Governments can internalize this by issuing subsidies, which shift the supply curve... Continue reading "Correcting Market Failures: Externalities and Social Optimum" »

Price Ceilings: Market Intervention

A price ceiling is a legal maximum on the price at which a good or service can be sold. It is imposed by the government to prevent prices from rising above a certain level.

Not Binding Price Ceiling

When the government imposes a price ceiling of 4€ per cornet, but the market equilibrium price is 3€, the ceiling has no effect on the market price or the quantity sold. The market naturally operates below the imposed maximum.

Binding Price Ceiling

When the government imposes a price ceiling of 2€ per cornet, and the equilibrium price is 3€, the price ceiling becomes a binding constraint on the market. Supply and demand naturally push the market price towards the equilibrium, but when the price hits the ceiling,... Continue reading "Government Intervention: Price Controls & Externalities" »