Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

Adarve

An impasse or cul-de-sac.

Periurban Area or Belt

An area located on the outskirts of a city, combining different land uses as a result of the concentration of various activities.

Suburban Area

An area characterized by a continuous gradation between rural and urban landscapes.

Faubourg

A suburb or an area outside the formal precincts of a town to which it administratively or historically belongs.

Old Town / Historic Center

The oldest part of a town or city.

CBD (Central Business District)

The commercial and business core of an urban area.

City Center

The original, nuclear part of a city, which concentrates many of its primary functions.

City

A human settlement with a significant population concentration, the definition of which varies by country.

Dormitory

The Social and Political Evolution of the Spanish Revolt

a) Provisional Organization of the Uprising (July-September 1936)

Between July 17 and 21, garrisons revolted, supported by members of the Guardia Civil and the Falange paramilitary groups. Designated leaders, backed by their forces, detained and sometimes executed loyalist generals and officers. After securing key locations (headquarters, railway stations, government buildings, and the Telefónica building), they proclaimed martial law, vesting power in the military. The death of General Sanjurjo left the insurrection without a clear leader.

The rebels' primary objective was to win the war. Order and discipline were paramount, necessitating a unified command. On July 24, 1936, a meeting...

Western Music Masterpieces: Periods and Characteristics

Medieval Music (c. 476 – 1400)

Puer natus nobis

• Author: Anonymous
• Features: Song of the Church, Latin text, free themes, free rhythm, modal system, monodic, a cappella.

Ondas do mar de Vigo

• Author: Martin Codax
• Time: 13th Century (S. XIII), Troubadour music
• Features: Secular music written in Galician-Portuguese, monody with instrumental accompaniment, rhythmic structure, non-religious themes, modal system.

Cantigas de Santa Maria

• Author: Alfonso X the Wise
• Time: 13th Century (S. XIII)
• Features: Secular music written in Galician-Portuguese, monody with instrumental accompaniment, rhythmic structure, non-religious themes, modal system.

Viderunt Omnes

• Author: Léonin and Pérotin
• Time: 13th Century (S.

Topic 18: Annual Accounts Explained

Annual accounts are essential accounting documents that enterprises must prepare. These documents form a cohesive unit and must be compiled according to legal provisions. Their purpose is to provide a true and fair view of the company's assets, financial position, and results.

These annual accounts are deposited in the commercial register, making them accessible to various economic and social stakeholders, including shareholders, employees, government bodies, and financial institutions. They are prepared at intervals of 12 months.

Account Models: Normal vs. Abbreviated

Annual accounts can be filed using two models: normal and abbreviated. Companies may use the abbreviated model if, at the closing date of the...

Machado's Life and Inspiration in Soria

Antonio Machado lived in Soria from 1907 to 1912. He became a cantor of Castile: its landscape, its people, its beauty, and its miseries. In Soria, he met Leonor Izquierdo, whom he married in 1909. However, their happiness was brief, as his wife died in 1912 of tuberculosis. These circumstances should be taken into account for the commentary of this poem, which was written in the spring of 1912 when Machado knew Leonor's disease was hopeless.

Symbolism and the Elm Tree

The starting point is a specific detail of the reality of Soria: the contemplation of an elm, attacked by graphiosis, with an unexpected rebound of spring. This physical reality charged a deep symbolic value for the poet. Remember his roots...

René Descartes' Quest for Certain Knowledge

René Descartes sought certain knowledge, knowledge placed beyond reasonable doubt, guided by the rigorous procedure of mathematics.

The Cartesian Method: Four Rules

Just as in mathematics, Descartes required a guaranteed foundation from which to deduce the rest of the philosophical system. This foundation is reached by following four methodological rules:

1. Rule of Evidence (Clarity and Distinctness): Accept nothing as true unless it is presented to the mind so clearly and distinctly that there is no room for doubt.
2. Rule of Analysis: A complex problem must be divided into its simplest, most manageable parts.
3. Rule of Synthesis: Once broken down and analyzed, the parts must be reassembled systematically,

Literary Foundations of Modernism

The literary movement known as Modernism (*Modernismo*) took various influences as its reference points.

Parnassianism

Born in France in the nineteenth century, Parnassianism owes its name to the magazine Le Parnasse contemporain. Its teacher and initiator was Théophile Gautier.

Characteristics of Parnassianism

• Style: Cult of formal perfection and preference for a poem submitted to strict meter.
• Themes: Contempt for sentimentality and preference for incorporating classical mythology.

Symbolism

The birth date of this school is generally considered 1886. This movement begins with the influence of Charles Baudelaire.

Characteristics of Symbolism

• Style: While maintaining the aesthetic appearance of the lines, it uses a

Literary Texts and Description

Description in literature involves detailed portrayal through language. Unlike the dynamic nature of narrative, description is static, slowing or halting the action to focus on the described element. Text can be classified based on various criteria, such as the author's intention (objective description reflecting reality) or the described item.

Descriptive Language

Descriptive language requires precision, attention to detail, and careful selection of linguistic resources. These resources are present at every level of a literary text.

What is a Literary Text?

A literary text uses language in a specific way, employing elements of literary communication. It's a communicative and social phenomenon, a form of delayed...

John Locke's Philosophical Contributions

Theory of Knowledge (Epistemology)

Locke, in his work, begins by demonstrating the absence of innate principles in the human mind. He argues that even the idea of God is not innate. Nativism, according to Locke, is a myth; no ideas or knowledge are given to humans prior to experience. To counter nativism, Locke proposes an alternative explanation through the development of mental sense via immediate experience (sensation and reflection).

The core hypothesis is that our mind comes into the world empty, a tabula rasa (blank slate), devoid of knowledge. For Locke, experience becomes the origin and foundation of all knowledge, which must ultimately be referred back to experience for confirmation.

Types of Ideas

Locke...

The Spanish Restoration: Political Stability and Colonial Challenges

Cánovas sought to articulate a new model of liberalism, addressing the endemic issues of partisan and exclusionary moderate military intervention in politics and the proliferation of civil strife. His two primary objectives were:

• To develop a constitution that structured a two-party political system.
• To pacify the country by ending the war in Cuba and the Carlist conflict.

The first step involved holding elections for a Constituent Cortes, as the 1869 Constitution had been terminated after the proclamation of the Republic. While the first elections of the new regime were conducted under universal suffrage, the system later reverted to censitary suffrage (restricted by property...