Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

The Tourist Demand

Evolution of Tourist Demand

1948: The U.N.'s Universal Declaration of Human Rights declared travel as a human right. This has led to the concept of Responsible Tourism we see today.

History: Tourist demand has consistently increased over time. Leiper's Outbound Region model highlights that tourist demand is the outcome of activities and decisions made by individuals in the generating region.

Studies on the Evolution of Tourist Demand

UN (1948): Declared everyone has the right to "relief and leisure, including (...) some periodic paid holidays".

UNWTO (1980): The Declaration of Manila stated the ultimate aim of tourism is "the improvement of the quality of life and the creation of better life standards for all nations." This marked... Continue reading "Evolution & Determinants of Tourist Demand: A Comprehensive Guide" »

Mastering English Verb Conjugation

Here's a comprehensive list of English verbs with their past tense forms:

William Blake's Poetic Insights

Understanding Visionaries

A visionary may be someone who envisions a better future or someone who claims to see people or events in dreams.

Literary Analysis: Symbolism

A symbol is a person, place, object, or action that represents itself and something beyond itself. Symbols can often represent more than one thing.

Reading Skill: Compare and Contrast

• Word Choice: Look for descriptive words and note how they are used to emphasize characteristics of the subject.
• Ideas: Identify common or contrasting ideas expressed in the poems.
• Tone: Notice the author's attitude toward the subject.

Blake's Poems: Interpretations

The Lamb

Consider what God, the lamb, and the speaker have in common.

Symbols: Lamb, God.

Explanation: Represents... Continue reading "Literary Analysis: Blake, Tennyson, and Poetic Devices" »

The changing in our eating habits in the last few decades have been mostly negative. In my opinion I think that there are more and more problems with the food industries and one of the biggest problems is meat. Many people have stopped eating it because of the treatment of animals. Another reason I think people feed on a lot of pre-cooked food for different reasons and one of them may be not having time to cook because of work, studies… I think that this may be hurting our health as many food we eat in don’t have enough vitamins (that food has without being pre-cooked.) These contain more fats, calories and other substances that are not needed in all foods. To finish I think we should pay more attention to what we should eat, and it’s... Continue reading "Modern Societal Challenges" »

Are X and Y independent random variables?

Solution: First we calculate the marginal pdfs

Note that fX,Y (x, y) 6= fX(x) × fY (y). So they are not independent.

What is the conditional distribution of X, given Y = .50? What is the probability that less than 50% of the initiative 1 surveys are returned, given that 50% of the initiative 2 surveys are returned?

(c) Calculate E(X/Y = y). What is the expected proportion of initiative 1 surveys returned, given that 50% of the initiative 2 surveys are returned?

Three prisoners are informed by their jailer that one of them has been 1/3 1/2

First we label the prisoners as P1, P2 and P3. Suppose P1 asks the jailer to tell him privately whether P2 or P3 will be set free. Now we define the following events.

Ai... Continue reading "Probability and Statistics Problems and Solutions" »

What Nutrients Do Microbes Need for Growth?

Macronutrients to build macromolecules: carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen. Various micronutrients are also required by microbes, including several metal ions (cations) like K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+ or Fe3+, Mn2+. Prototrophs synthesize nutrients from inorganic material, while auxotrophs require additional nutrients. Aerobic microbes need oxygen, while anaerobic ones do not. pH and osmotic pressure also affect microbial growth. Different types of media and methods like streak plate, spread plate, and pour plate are used for microbial culture. Antibiotics interfere with various microbial processes like peptidoglycan synthesis, membrane integrity, DNA synthesis, and ribosome function.

How Do

Key Differences Between Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Cellular Structure

Bacteria: Lack a nuclear membrane, rarely have membrane-bounded organelles, cell walls are constructed of peptidoglycan, possess a single RNA polymerase, and contain histone-like proteins.

Archaea: Lack a nuclear membrane, rarely have membrane-bounded organelles, cell walls are constructed of various materials, possess RNA polymerase II, and contain histones.

Eukarya: Contain a nuclear membrane, possess membrane-bound organelles, some have cell walls, possess RNA polymerase 1, 2, and 3, and contain histones.

Koch's Postulates and Bacterial Shapes

Koch: Discovered Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. His postulates are:

1. Microbes are present in all cases

Key Terms in Biology

Water and Macromolecules

• Hydrogen bonds: H2O molecules form these with each other or other polar molecules.
• Carbohydrates: Composed of C, H, and O. Include simple sugars and polysaccharides. Carbohydrate breakdown provides energy.
• Polysaccharides: Carbohydrates made up of 10+ monosaccharides, serving as storage forms of sugars.
• Glycosidic bonds: Bonds formed by a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides.
• Glycogen/starch: Storage forms of carbohydrates for energy, composed of glucose in alpha configuration (two glucose molecules linked by bonds between C1 and C4).
• Cellulose: Structural component in plants, composed of glucose in beta configuration.
• Chitin: Polysaccharide found in exoskeletons.
• Lipids: Involved in energy storage,

1. TD principles