Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

Conditionals

Understanding and correctly using conditional sentences is crucial for clear communication in English. Here's a breakdown:

• Zero Conditional: If + present simple, present simple. (Used for general truths or facts)
• First Conditional: If + present simple, will + infinitive. (Used for real or likely future possibilities)
• Second Conditional: If + past simple, would + infinitive. (Used for hypothetical or unlikely situations)
• Third Conditional: If + past perfect, would have + past participle. (Used for unreal past situations and their hypothetical results)

Mixed Conditionals (less common, combining different types):

• If + past perfect, would + infinitive (Example: If I had studied harder, I would be a doctor now.)
• If + past simple, would have

VOCABULARY

REPORTED SPEECH

TENSE CHANGES

‘I love Thai food.’ → She said she loved Thai food.

‘They had already eaten when their dad arrived.’ → She said that they had already eaten when theid dad arrived. (past perfect doesn’t... Continue reading "Mastering Reported Speech & Essential Vocabulary" »

English Grammar Cheat Sheet

Past Simple vs. Present Perfect

Past Simple

Use for completed actions in the past.

Time markers: yesterday, last week, two days ago, when

Present Perfect

Use for actions that started in the past and continue to the present.

Time markers: never, ever, already, just, yet, lately, for, since

For negative sentences, use the corresponding positive tense.

Questions

Use the same tense as the original statement.

Structure: (wh + verb + subject + verb + rest of the sentence)

If there's only one verb, conjugate the verb 'to be' in the corresponding tense.

Question words:

• What - qué
• When - cuándo
• Where - dónde
• How many - cuánto
• Who - quién
• Why - por qué
• Which - cuál

Relative Clauses

Defining

No commas needed. If the relative pronoun is the... Continue reading "English Grammar Cheat Sheet: Mastering Key Concepts" »

Vocabulary Pricing

Penetration Pricing

When a company offers a limited-time discount and then raises the price. Examples: telephone agencies, insurance.

Premium Pricing

A strategy where a company prices its product higher than competitors. Examples: Apple, Ferrari.

Price Skimming

A strategy where a firm charges the highest initial price customers will pay and then gradually lowers it. Example: Apple lowers the price of previous iPhone models when they release a new one.

Captive Pricing

A strategy used for products with a core component and expensive accessories. Example: Printing machines are cheap, but the necessary accessories are expensive.

Predatory Pricing

The illegal act of setting prices low to eliminate competition.

Loss Leadership Pricing

Involves... Continue reading "Pricing Strategies, AIDA Model, Persuasive Techniques, and Advertising Appeals in Marketing" »

A Rainy Day Reunion

It had been a long and rainy day. Michael had been working all day and was very tired and hungry.

He decided to go and have dinner at a restaurant which was very near his office. He put his raincoat on, took his umbrella, and headed to the street.

The restaurant was full. So, he decided to sit at the bar and order some fish and chips. While Michael was waiting, he looked around and saw a familiar face.

Wow, he thought, that's Margaret. I haven't seen her for ages. Margaret had been his classmate at secondary school.

They both smiled at each other and Michael said hello. They talked about their lives.

To Margaret's surprise. Michael is engaged to Hanna. She was Margaret's flatmate when they were at university.

Job Interview Preparation:

ñ6Dear Sir or Madam,

I ordered a new tablet computer (a Gamma Pi 8 Pro at 187.50) from your website on 5th February. My order was placed at 18:30 and I received a confirmation email.The money was taken from my account the next day.

Unfortunately, when the tablet arrived it had been damaged and the screen was cracked. When I called your Customer

Help Line, I was told that I had to send it back.I sent it back immediately, but I still haven't received a replacement.

I would appreciate it if you could send a replacement or refund my money within one week. I have never had any problems using your website before and am disappointed

this has not been resolved sooner. I look forward to your reply and a quick resolution to this problem.

Tours faithfully

Maggie... Continue reading "jsjsjsjsj" »

• A class is a template used to create objects and declare data types and methods in a program.
• Public - Modifier used to declare classes and interfaces. Void - Method that returns no value. Main - Marks the start and end of program execution.
• Scanner class - Used to get user input for types like String and Int.
• Exceptions: Try-catch block, throw statement.
• Inheritance provides a powerful and natural mechanism for organizing and structuring software programs. It improves clarity in the design of classes.
• A subclass provides specialized behavior based on elements provided by the superclass. Using inheritance, programmers can reuse the code in the superclass many times.
• Reading and Writing to Files:
  1. Import java.io file.
  2. File inputFile = new File("input.

Alternative Models of Behavior

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Money Matters

• Reductionist and simplistic model: “Everything and everyone has a price” – the “economic model” is richer and more subtle than this.
• The only component of a job is monetary compensation.
• Therefore, anyone can get anybody to do anything for sufficiently high compensation; the economic model cannot guarantee that! (Easy job life and poor results)

Happy-Is-Productive

• Employee satisfaction and happiness is not a means in itself but rather instrumental to firms’ goals.
• It is the view of managers who believe that “happy employees are more productive”.
• In this way of thinking, employees exert higher effort and dedication in the job not when they are better paid, but when they feel better treated.

Reported Speech Grammar and Tense Changes

• Present Simple: "I like ice cream." — She said (that) she liked ice cream.
• Present Continuous: "I am living in London." — She said she was living in London.
• Past Simple: "I bought a car." — She said that she had bought a car / She said she bought a car.
• Past Continuous: "I was walking along the street." — She said she had been walking along the street.
• Present Perfect: "I haven't seen Julie." — She said she hadn't seen Julie.
• Past Perfect: "I had taken English lessons before." — She said she had taken English lessons before.
• Will: "I will see you later." — She said she would see me later.
• Would: "I would help, but..." — She said she would help but...
• Can: "I can speak perfect English." — She