Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

FUEROS AND LIBERALISM: CARLIST WARS AND PROCESS TO ABOLISH THE FUEROS (1833-1876)

The Foral Regime

Fueros were the old laws of Basque people at the beginning were oral, but then became to be written. Even though Basque Fueros were not the only ones, they lasted more than the others, until 1876. In addition, it must be said that each Basque territory had its own Fueros: Guipozcoa, Alava, Viscay, Lapurdi, Zuberoa and Navarre. This implied that each territory has its own government as well.

Characteristics:

• The institutions were the following ones:

  • Town Councils: there were the essential units of political organization. Citizens chose their mayors. Moreover, each council used to send its representative to the General Juntas.

  • General Juntas: their main

English Verb Tenses: Forms, Usage, and Time Markers

1. Past Simple Tense

Forms: I walked, I didn’t walk, Did I walk?

Usage: Completed action in the past.

Time Markers: yesterday, last week, two days ago, in 2007, when, then.

2. Past Continuous Tense

Forms: I was studying, I wasn’t studying, Was I studying?

Usage: An incomplete action in the past or an action interrupted by another action.

Time Markers: last night, last week, last year, at 4 o’clock, when, while, as.

3. Past Perfect Simple Tense

Forms: I had arrived, I hadn’t arrived, Had I arrived?

Usage: An action completed before another action in the past.

Time Markers: already, by the time, after, before, until, never, just.

4. Present Simple Tense

Forms: I go (he goes), I don’t go (she doesn’t...

The Spanish Restoration (1874-1931): Bourbon Monarchy

The end of the First Spanish Republic coincided with the Carlist Wars and uprisings. Cánovas del Castillo formed the Alfonsist party, aiming to restore the Bourbon monarchy with Alfonso XII. After Isabel II abdicated, Cánovas became Alfonso XII's tutor and sent him to England. The Sandhurst Manifesto declared Spain a constitutional monarchy, followed by the pronunciamiento of Sagunto in 1874. Alfonso XII became king in 1875.

Cánovas and the Canovite Settlement

As a deputy in the 1869 Cortes, Cánovas opposed the 1869 Constitution, finding the liberty of religious practice unacceptable, and he also opposed universal suffrage. He admired the English political system for its stability and lack...

In 2001, James O’Neill of Goldman Sachs authored a paper titled “Building Better Global Economic BRICs.” The BRICs acronym in the title referred to:

• Brazil
• Russia
• India
• China

These nations are reshaping the international economy with the potential to transform global trade and capital flows. BRICs are large economies, ranking among the world’s top 10 in population and top 11 in GDP. They have undergone reforms that have transformed them, making them more internationally integrated and central to the future of the world economy.

In 2010, these countries accounted for approximately 41 percent of the world’s population and 25 percent of world GDP when measured in PPP terms.

21st Century Growth

China (Post-1978)

• Prior to 1978, private enterprise

Text 9 Librecambism and protectionism

This text Is a transcription of a speech given by the speaker Federico Etxebarria, a Basque (). Its aim is to complain about a possible trade treaty between Spain And Germany, which will allowed German iron to be sold in the country. It is a First level text dated on the late 19^th century, in 1893.

This Speech was given during the period of Restoration System, implied after the Intention, in 1874, of creating a republic in the country. The country was at This period run by the 1876 Constitution and where the two dynastic parties, The conservatives of Cánovas and the liberals of Sagasta took it in terms to Govern. Rigging elections enable this situation. Economicwise, Spain was not Very developed. Agriculture...

BEAT-BEAT-BEATEN-JO----------BEND-BENT-BENT-TOLESTU

BET-BET-BET-APOSTU EGIN------------BITE-BIT-BITTEN-HOZKA EGIN

BLEED-BLED-BLED-ODOLA JARIO----------BLOW-BLEW-BLOWN-APUTU

BREAK-BROKE-BROKEN-APURTU----BRING-BROUGHT-BROUGHT-EKARRI

BUILD-BUILT-BUILT-ERAIKI-----------BURN-BURNT/BURNTED- == -ERRE

BUY-BOUGHT-BOUGHT-EROSI----------CATCH-CAUGHT-CAUGHT-HARTU

CHOOSE-CHOSE-CHOSE-AUKERATU------------COME-CAME-COME-ETORRI

COST-COST-COST-KOSTATU------------CUT-CUT-CUT-MOZTU

DIG-DUG-DUG-AITZURTU------DO-DID-DONE-EGIN

DRAW-DREW-DRAWN-MARRAZTU-------DREAM-DREAMT/DREAMED-==-

DRINK-DRANK-DRUNK-EDAN--------DRIVE-DROVE-DRIVEN-GIDATU

EAT-ATE-EATEN-------FALL-FELL-FALLEN-ERORI------FEED-FED-FED-ELIKATU

FEEL-FELT-FELT-SENTITU--------FIGHT-FOUGHT-FOUGHT-BORROKATU

FIND-FOUND-FOUND-...

Wastewater Treatment

Sludge Density Index (SDI)

The weight in grams of one mL of sludge after settling for 30 minutes. SDI = 100/SVI.

Process Design Examples

• Complete Mix Activated Sludge (CMAS): Air is blown into the tank to keep the waste mixed with the organisms and to add oxygen to the water. This process removes soluble suspended solids (SS) and ammonia by exposing the waste to organisms.
• Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR): This reactor operates under non-steady state conditions in a batch mode with aeration and sludge settlement occurring in the same tank. The SBR tank carries out the functions of equalization, aeration, and sedimentation in a time sequence.
• Staged Nitrification Process: Offers greater treatment efficiency and capacity than a single

Understanding Governmental Proprietary Funds and Business Activities

ARTICLE: artículo // A text or piece of writing

BROADSHEET: periódico serio// A large-format newspaper with usually serious content

CENSOR: censurar// official with the power to stop publication of certain articles

CHEQUEBOOK: talonario de cheques// the obtaining of exclusive rights to a story by payment of large sums of money

JOURNALIST: periodista // person who writes articles for a paper

CORRESPONDENT: corresponsal// 1 person who writes a letter to a paper 2 person who writes articles for a paper

CRITIC: crítico// a person who writes articles, especially stating opinion, about art, music…

CROPPED: recortado

CAPTION: subtítulo

DESK: sección// a department of a newspaper

EDIT: editar// to check, modify, and generally prepare written material...