Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

English Grammar & Vocabulary Essentials

Conditional Expressions and Modals

Conditional Conjunctions

• As long as / Providing that (Únicamente si; 1º y 2º condicional)
• Unless (A menos que)
• Even if (Aunque)
• If only (Ojalá)

Perfect Modal Verbs

• Might / May / Could have + Past Participle (Algo que era posible en el pasado)
• Could have + Past Participle (Alternativa posible en el pasado)
• Must have + Past Participle (Certeza o deducción lógica en el pasado)
• Can't have + Past Participle (Algo era imposible en el pasado)
• Should have + Past Participle (Opinión sobre el pasado, ahora es tarde)
• Shouldn't have + Past Participle (Arrepentimiento o crítica sobre el pasado)

Other Modal Structures

• Had better + Infinitive or Had better not + Infinitive (Amenaza)

Common

American Symbols: Contrasting Views

The Statue of Liberty: A Unifying Symbol?

Most American citizens seem to share a common opinion of the Statue of Liberty. They think that it is a symbol of hope, faith, democracy, freedom, and equality, although the reality is sometimes different.

The American Flag: A Divisive Symbol?

On the other hand, Americans hold two distinct points of view regarding the American flag. Some believe that the stars and stripes represent unity and equality; these individuals may feel content with their lives in America. Others feel that the American flag does not live up to their expectations and are ashamed of it. These people might feel compelled to disrespect the flag, wanting to burn it or drag it through the mud. As a... Continue reading "American Symbols, the Dream, and Narrative Perspectives" »

Verb tenses and moods: The indicative use of this timeless, conditional (arguably...), and attenuated expressions (e.g., "we suggest..."). There is a solo verbal dominance of the third person to expose impersonality, as well as the use of the first person plural.

Adjectives and resources: Use of specified adjectives, descriptive and explanatory appositions, switches, and other resources.

Lexical-Semantic Characteristics

Scientific and technical texts are characterized by the use of specific terminology and the presence of semantic phenomena such as hyperonymy, hyponymy, synonymy, and antonymy. Technicalities are all expressions which are called own notions of an area of knowledge.

Types of Techniques

• By their origin: Words of ordinary language of

Cytoplasm:

The cell space between the nuclear envelope and plasma membrane. Comprising cytosol, cytoskeleton, and organelles.

Cytosol:

The internal environment of the cytoplasm (75-85% water). It performs the synthesis of ribosomes and protids (enzymes, small molecules, or proteins). It forms filaments of the cytoskeleton. Due to the presence of many enzymes, there are numerous metabolic reactions.

Cytoskeleton:

In eukaryotes, it forms a network of protein filaments. Features:

• Maintaining the shape of the cell and the possibility of changing it.
• The possibility of moving the cell.
• Contraction of muscle.
• Transport and organization of organelles.

Microfilaments:

Actin filaments are the main components of the cytoskeleton. Usually, they partner with other... Continue reading "Understanding Cytoplasm and Its Key Components" »

Key to Artificial Intelligence Assessment

(A) Comprehension (4 points)

a) Answer Questions 1–2 According to the Information Given in the Text.

1) Why has AI investigation been successful recently?

Because they have incorporated meaning and language use in the process of translation.

2) How can programmers improve computer translators?

By studying the human process for understanding.

b) Are These Statements True or False? (0.5 points per answer)

3) Artificial Intelligence has been a recent target in computer science.

FALSE. ... Artificial intelligence is an area of research that goes back to the very beginnings of computer science. (line 1)

4) Human chess players can defeat chess programs.

TRUE. ... Chess programs can defeat almost all best human players.

Common Vocabulary Terms

Full Stop

Definition: A mark (.) indicating the end of a sentence or declarative statement.

Example: Remember to use a full stop at the end of every sentence.

Handbag

Definition: A small bag, often carried by women, for money, keys, and personal items.

Example: My mother always carried a handbag containing her essentials.

Means

Definition: A method, course of action, or instrument by which something can be accomplished.

Example: He used effective means to achieve his goal.

Mobile Phone

Definition: A portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a cellular network.

Example: Yesterday, I bought a very modern mobile phone.

Motorway

Definition: A wide road, built for fast-moving traffic over long distances.

Example: I saw a black... Continue reading "Everyday English Words: Meanings and Usage Examples" »

allowance-money given to someone regularly-pensión,subsidio
beech-a kind of tree- haya
blacksmith-a person who makes things from metal -herrero
bear (v) to allow something to continue when it causes pain aguantar
box (n) a "room" in a stables for one horse compartimento de un establo
breed (v) to produce young (horses or children) criar
canter (of a horse) to run, but not fast ir a medio galope
casually carelessly, not seriously despreocupadamente
champagne white sparkling wine champán
charm (n) the ability to please people and make them like you encanto
crush (v) to push something hard until it breaks aplastar
deny to say that something is not true negar
drunk (adj) feeling the effects of too much alcoholic drink borracho
estate (n) a large area of land... Continue reading "Vocabulary brat farrar" »

* Rhetorical: there is a shortage of rhetorical. Emphasizes the use of the rhetorical question above all the incomprehensible and absurd hyperbole Gregor.La situation appears frequently intensifies situations and providing more tension and drama. Symbols can be analyzed from the standpoint of rhetoric, some of them are: "The darkness of the room that is increasingly Gregor intensifies = degradation. The sun rising in the end is a new beginning for the family. "The insect represents the state of alienation, but also the state of protection or isolation by the shell. -Gregor does not want to eat human and animal refuses food, there is one food you want but can not guess what. It is interpreted as the spiritual quest. "Hindered communication:... Continue reading "Rhetorical devices in The Metamorphosis" »

Primary and secondary themes. The work presents the situation as the main theme of social injustice suffered some servants by their masters. The former is an humble and poor peasants, with total submission abiding abuse cacique class. The lords exercising a despotism so aberrant and selfish end. Delibes faces two ways of understanding the world and two conceptions of the relationship between man and nature. Life has passed the servants always in direct contact with the earth. The link of the lords with nature lies in its ownership and possession. Delibes faces two conflicting worlds, the natural order, associated with rural life and the chaos associated with urban culture. From a thematic point of view, the novel has four main lines: Development... Continue reading "The Holy Innocents, Miguel Delibes" »