Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

Active and Passive Voice Tense Transformations

Active Voice vs. Passive Voice Examples:

• Present Simple: Active: They love | Passive: They are loved
• Present Continuous: Active: They are loving | Passive: They are being loved
• Past Simple: Active: They loved | Passive: They were loved
• Past Continuous: Active: They were loving | Passive: They were being loved
• Present Perfect: Active: They have loved | Passive: They have been loved
• Past Perfect: Active: They had loved | Passive: They had been loved
• Future (Will): Active: They will love | Passive: They will be loved
• Future (Going To): Active: They are going to love | Passive: They are going to be loved

Future Continuous and Future Perfect Tenses

Future Continuous Structure

Formula: WILL + BE + V-ING

Example:... Continue reading "Mastering English Grammar: Tenses, Voice, and Clauses" »

Clinical Characteristics of Polymyositis

Myopathic Weakness

Myopathic weakness evolves over weeks to months, typically sparing the facial and eye muscles. It presents as difficulty in:

• climbing steps
• rising from a chair
• lifting objects
• combing hair

Disease Onset

Typically occurs above the age of 18 years.

Features the Patient Does Not Have

The following features are not characteristic of polymyositis in the typical presentation:

• Rash (characteristic of dermatomyositis)
• Family history of neuromuscular diseases
• Exposure to myotoxic drugs, especially penicillamine²⁶, zidovudine²⁷, and (rarely) statins^28,29
• Endocrine disease (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, hypercortisolism)

Excluded Conditions

• Neurogenic disease (excluded by electromyography

Key Business and Economic Terminology

Core Business Definitions

Services

Intangible things that businesses do for consumers that enhance their lives.

Innovation

A new way of doing things.

Online Business

A business that conducts operations by means of the internet.

Outsourcing

Contracting with other companies for services.

Niche

A small, specialized segment of the market based on customer needs discovered through market research.

Corporate Strategy and Structure

Strategic Alliance

Forming a partnership with another company.

Corporate Venture

A new venture started inside a large corporation.

Economic Factors and Resources

Fundamental concepts related to wealth creation and market dynamics:

• For creating wealth.
• Technology has shortened [business cycles].
• Competition

All happen when The doctor goes to the beach to visit some relatives when he was young. Then was when he met Rafael. Rafael was a mad man who lived in a house-boat near the beach.
When The doctor grows, he decide to go back, and is then when he know rafaels story.
Rafael was in love with Anita, but then a soldier from another country, who had borned on a rich family, starts to be interesting for her, and she ends leaving Rafael alone. Rafael, who was now really sad, tries to get back anitas love killing the soldier, but a fail on his plains makes Anita and the soldier die together. Rafael ends mad, without his lovely girl and without nothing else to do on the world.

* Rafael is a dirty sad man, who lives under a boat in the beach. He is very

Irregular English Verbs: Pronunciation & Spanish

This list presents irregular English verbs with pronunciation (IPA), past forms, past participles and Spanish meanings. All original entries have been corrected for spelling, punctuation and capitalization.

be /biː/

Past: was /wɒz/ ; were /wɜːr/ — Past participle: been /biːn/ — Spanish: ser, estar

beat /biːt/

Past: beat /biːt/ — Past participle: beaten /ˈbiːtən/ — Spanish: golpear

become /bɪˈkʌm/

Past: became /bɪˈkeɪm/ — Past participle: become /bɪˈkʌm/ — Spanish: llegar a ser

begin /bɪˈɡɪn/

Past: began /bɪˈɡæn/ — Past participle: begun /bɪˈɡʌn/ — Spanish: empezar

bend /bend/

Past: bent /bent/ — Past participle: bent /bent/ — Spanish: doblar(se)

bet

Endocrine Pharmacology Study Roadmap

🔹 1. Thyroid Physiology & Pathophysiology

🔸 Physiology

• TRH (hypothalamus) → stimulates TSH (anterior pituitary) → stimulates T3/T4 release (thyroid)

• T3 = active, T4 = prohormone

• Feedback loop: T3/T4 inhibit TRH and TSH

• T3/T4 actions:

  • ↑ Metabolic rate, heart rate, cardiac output

  • ↑ Oxygen consumption, lipolysis, glucose metabolism

  • CNS effects (mood), reproductive effects

🔸 Synthesis

• Iodide uptake → oxidation to iodine → binds to thyroglobulin → forms MIT/DIT → forms T3/T4

🔸 Disorders

• Hypothyroidism: Hashimoto's thyroiditis, iodine deficiency, thyroidectomy, myxedema coma

• Hyperthyroidism: Graves' disease, toxic adenoma, thyroid storm

🔹 2. Thyroid Pharmacology

🔸 For Hypothyroidism

• Levothyroxine

This document summarizes key concepts and solutions from previous database exam questions.

Relational Schema with Functional Dependencies

• Schema: R(A, B, C, D, E, F)
• Dependencies: C → F, E → A, EC → D, A → B

1. Candidate Keys: CE
2. Prime Attributes: C, E
3. Second Normal Form (2NF):
   • No, because of partial dependencies:
     • C → F (partial dependency)
     • E → A, B (partial dependency)

EMP_DEPT Table Analysis

1. Functional Dependencies:
   • Ssn → Ename, Bdate, Address, Dnumber, Dname, Dmgr_ssn
   • Dnumber → Dname, Dmgr_ssn
   • Dmgr_ssn → Dnumber, Dname
   • Dname → Dnumber, Dmgr_ssn
2. First Normal Form (1NF):
   • Split names into first_name and last_name.
3. Second Normal Form (2NF):
   • Already in 2NF because there are no partial dependencies.

EMP_PROJ Table Normalization

1. Functional Dependencies:

Essential English Connectors and Their Meanings

Here's a list of common English connectors with their Spanish translations:

• First of all - En primer lugar
• In my opinion - En mi opinión
• Personally - Personalmente
• As far as I am concerned - Por lo que a mí respecta
• From my point of view - Bajo mi punto de vista
• To begin with - Para empezar
• Firstly - Primeramente
• Secondly - En segundo lugar
• That's why - Esto es por lo que
• Therefore - Por lo tanto
• As a result of - Como resultado
• Consequently - En consecuencia
• As - Como
• So - Así que
• Whereas - Mientras que
• So...that... - Tan...que...
• Such a...that... - Tan...que...
• On the one hand - Por una parte
• However/Nevertheless - Sin embargo
• Anyhow - De todas formas
• Anyway - De cualquier manera
• In spite of/Despite - A pesar de
• On

Key Definitions: Science, Security, and Social Terms

Scientific and Medical Vocabulary

Acid

A liquid chemical that can burn what it touches.

Bacteria

The simplest and smallest forms of life, some of which can cause diseases.

Biology

The scientific study of all living things (plants and animals).

Cancer

A diseased growth in the body which can cause death.

Gene

An extremely small chemical unit which passes qualities from parents to children.

Genetics

The study of genes and how they work.

Mathematics

The science of numbers.

Physics

The scientific study of light, heat, and sound.

Virus

A simple organism smaller than bacteria, which causes infectious diseases.

Security, Technology, and Finance Terms

Airlock

A small room with an airtight door at each end.

Auction

A sale... Continue reading "Essential Vocabulary: Science, Security, and Social Terms" »