Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

CIA Triad

The CIA Triad consists of Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability. Related concepts include Authentication, Accountability, and Auditability.

Types of Harm

• Interception
• Interruption
• Modification
• Fabrication

Web Technologies

HTML

• GET: Embeds parameters into the URL.
• POST: Sends data directly to the server; more secure.

PHP

• PUT: Used to create or replace a file at the specified URL. Sends data like POST, more suitable for uploading files.

Penetration Testing

5 Steps to Penetration Testing:

1. Reconnaissance
2. Scanning
3. Gaining Access
4. Maintaining Access
5. Clearing Tracks

Security Controls

• Prevention: Outright stopping an attack.
• Deterrence: Making an attack harder.
• Deflection: Making a target less attractive.
• Mitigation: Lessening the harm.
• Detection: Identifying

Shake Well Before Using

Support: On paper

Application: Press the body

Storage: Mint; store after use

Organizational Structures

Hierarchy Levels

• Tall Vertical: Many levels
• Flat Horizontal: Few levels

Span of Control

• Narrow: Limited span
• Wider: Increased span

Decision Making

• Centralized: Decisions made at the top
• Decentralized: Decisions made at lower levels

Chains of Command

• Long: Multiple layers of authority
• Shorter: Fewer layers of authority

Leadership

• Autocratic: Authoritarian leadership style
• Democratic: Participative leadership style

Delegation

• Limited: Less delegation of authority
• Increased: More delegation of authority

Types of Organizational Structures

• Structure by Hierarchy: Senior, middle, junior management/supervisor-worker
• Structure by Function: Board of

Gap Junctions

Gap junctions are specialized intercellular connections that allow direct communication and exchange of ions, small molecules, and signaling molecules between adjacent cells. These junctions play a crucial role in coordinating cellular activities in various tissues and are found in both animal and plant cells.

Key Points About Gap Junctions

1. Structure

• Gap junctions are formed by connexins in animals and pannexins in plants.
• Connexins and pannexins oligomerize to create connexons or pannexons, respectively.
• Each connexon/pannexon is a hexamer, and two hemichannels (half of a connexon or pannexon) from adjacent cells align to form a gap junction channel.

2. Function

• Gap junctions facilitate direct cell-to-cell communication, allowing

The structural organization of eukaryotic cells is remarkably complex and compartmentalized, reflecting the diverse functions these cells perform. Eukaryotes encompass a wide array of organisms, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists. Below is a detailed exploration of the structural components of eukaryotic cells:

1. Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

• Composition: The cell's outer boundary is formed by a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and other molecules.
• Function: It regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell, acting as a selective barrier.

2. Cell Wall (in some cells)

• Present in: Plant cells, fungal cells, and some protists.
• Composition: A rigid structure made of cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi.
• Function:

Parabolic Motion

Is when an object has two dimensions: U.R.M on the horizontal axis and U.A.R.M on the vertical axis.

Vertical Motion

Is when we throw an object totally up, meaning that the initial velocity or force is only applied in the vertical axis.

Uniform Rectilinear Motion (U.R.M)

Is when an object travels in a straight line at a constant speed with zero acceleration.

Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion (U.A.R.M)

Is when an object travels in a straight line with constant acceleration.

Inertia

Property of objects to maintain their current state.

Law of Conservation of Matter

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed.

Gravitational Acceleration

Type of acceleration that attracts bodies towards the center of an astro.

Work

Scalar... Continue reading "Laws of Motion and Gravitation in Physics" »

The urea cycle, also known as the ornithine cycle, is a critical metabolic pathway that primarily occurs in the liver, and to a lesser extent, in the kidneys. Its main function is to convert excess nitrogen from protein and amino acid breakdown into urea, a less toxic compound than ammonia, for safe excretion in urine.

Steps in the Urea Cycle

The urea cycle involves several enzymatic reactions within the mitochondria and cytoplasm of liver cells. Key molecules include ammonia, carbon dioxide, ornithine, citrulline, argininosuccinate, and arginine.

1. Formation of Carbamoyl Phosphate

• Ammonia (NH₃) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) combine in the mitochondria.
• This reaction, catalyzed by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS I), produces carbamoyl phosphate.

Reported Speech and English Grammar Essentials

Direct and Reported Speech

Time and Place Changes in Reported Speech

Question Words in Reported Speech

• What

Essential English Vocabulary

Common Terms and Expressions

• Alike - Semblant
• Adequate - Appropriate
• Awkward - Complicat
• Culture gap - Bretxa cultural
• Fit in - Encaixar
• Foreign - Estrany
• Misconception - Idea equivocada
• Outlook - Punt de vista
• Narrow-minded - Mentalitat tancada
• Roots - Origen
• Straightforward - Sincer/Directe
• Unheard of - Insòlit/a
• Come what may - Passi el que passi
• Fetch - Anar
• Heritage - Patrimoni
• Long for - Desitjar
• Overwhelming - Insuportable

Work and Education

• Boom - Molta demanda
• Degree - Grau
• Freelance - Per compte propi
• Internship - (Estada de) pràctiques
• Overtime - Hores extres
• Range - Varietat
• Rewarding - Gratificant
• Room for advancement - Possibilitat d'ascens
• Self-employed - Autònom
• Shift - Torn
• Think outside the box - Pensar diferent
• Troubleshooting

Chapter 20: Evaluation

Critical Thinking and Evaluation

Critical thinking is how a nurse gathers patient data from nursing diagnoses to develop a plan of care and implement interventions. Evaluation, the final step of the nursing process, determines whether the patient's condition or well-being improves after applying the nursing process. Nurses apply their knowledge and previous experiences to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing care.

Evaluative Measures vs. Assessment

Assessment identifies existing problems, while evaluation determines if those problems have remained the same, worsened, or changed.

Importance of Evaluative Measures

Using the right evaluative measures increases the likelihood of accurately identifying changes in the patient's... Continue reading "Effective Nursing Evaluation: Critical Thinking & Patient Outcomes" »

Why Online Shopping Is the Superior Way to Shop

In the modern age of convenience and technology, online shopping has become an increasingly popular way to shop. It stands out as the best method for several compelling reasons:

• Vast Selection: The array of products available at our fingertips is unparalleled. Whether you're looking for the latest fashion trends, rare collectibles, or everyday essentials, online stores offer a seemingly endless selection.
• Effortless Comparison: The ease of comparison shopping allows consumers to find the best deals and prices, often with just a few clicks. This not only saves money but also significant time and effort.
• Unmatched Convenience: Shopping from the comfort of your own home, avoiding crowded stores and long