Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

Ancient Greek Political Origins

Ancient history.

Western political philosophy has its origins in ancient Greek society, when city-states were experimenting with various forms of political organization (monarchy, tyranny, aristocracy, oligarchy).

Plato's Republic and Justice

Plato's Republic is his best known work. In it, Socrates and various Athenians discuss the meaning of justice.

Aristotle's Politics and Community

In Aristotle's Politics, Aristotle concludes that a man is by nature a political animal. According to Aristotle, the community or city is prior to the individual: they place the well-being of the community above the well-being of the individual.

In the Greek world, citizens identified strongly with the city they belonged to, and exile... Continue reading "Western Political Philosophy from Greece to the Renaissance" »

Thermal Expansion and Heat Energy Calculations

Section 4.1-2: Thermal Properties

The change in length due to thermal expansion is calculated using the following formula:

L₂ - L₁ = αL₁(T₂ - T₁)

• α (Alpha): Coefficient of thermal expansion, measured in °C^-1 or °F^-1.
• L₁ & L₂: Initial and final lengths, measured in mm (in), corresponding to temperatures T₁ & T₂.

Heat Energy Required for Temperature Change

The amount of heat energy ($H$) required to change the temperature of a material is given by:

H = C W (T₂ - T₁)

• H: Amount of heat energy, measured in J (Btu).
• C: Specific heat of the material, measured in J/Kg°C (Btu/lb°F).
• W: Weight of the material, measured in kg (lb).
• (T₂ - T₁): Change in temperature, measured in °C (°F).

Volumetric Specific

... Continue reading "Essential Formulas for Thermal Processes and Metal Casting" »

Camilo José Cela's *The Family of Pascual Duarte*: A Deep Dive

The Genesis of a Literary Masterpiece

The Family of Pascual Duarte was the first novel by Camilo José Cela, one of the most important writers of the postwar period, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. This work, along with *The Hive*, is among the best of his literary production.

A Confession from the Condemned

The work is presented as the confession of a condemned man. The offender is Pascual Duarte, a peasant who has committed several murders, including that of his own mother. He confesses his sins in an autobiography to publicly explain his conduct. He tries to justify, not only to explain, why he committed these crimes.

Pascual Duarte begins his story by explaining the... Continue reading "Camilo José Cela's The Family of Pascual Duarte: A Deep Dive" »

1-this text talks about a sport of riske,the bungee jumping.A gentleman who practises this sport explains as it is done,the one who can do it,his experiences...And he says also that though the people thinks that it is dangerous,it is a lie.

2-This expresion means that you feel that the death in near. / this expresion means that it is what you think when you do something.

3-Mark ...Said that he had done about fifty jumps./bungee..Is such incredible experience that it makes.../you must have a medical certificat if yiu are.../It is taken up as a sport by many people.

4-Because it is a very exciting sport/Because the old people have more risk os suffering some heart attack or other problems.

5-    (arriba derecha direcc y fecha).Dear Carmen,(aparte)... Continue reading "Invention by experience" »

Valuation of Ways

These passages are not original; Thomas organized and developed them. There are different reactions to these routes by commentator groups:

• Radicals: Exclude the possibility of new ways.
• Moderates: Support the possibility of new tracks.
• Thomists: Divided into "hard to validate separately" (think the demonstrative value comes from the set of all the evidence) and those who "prefer any route".
• Non-Thomists: Discard anthology, return to the argument of St. Anselm.
• Kant denies the value of things and proposes a practical way to justify rational faith.
• Atheists and agnostics reject the tract differently:
  • Atheism denies the existence of God.
  • Agnosticism denies the possibility of proving the existence of God for several reasons:
    • Skepticism

... Continue reading "St. Thomas Aquinas: Philosophy, Theology, and Summa" »

Traffic Management in London: Answer Key

(A) Comprehension Questions (4 points)

1. Reason for Traffic Increase: Because traffic has increased significantly since the scheme's introduction.
2. Methods of Reduction: By collecting money from fees and fines and reducing private traffic. (Both reasons must be given.)
3. Statement 3: TRUE. All motorists coming into the capital between 7:00 a.m. and 6:30 p.m. have to pay a £5 admission fee. (Line 4)
4. Statement 4: FALSE. The Government took an attitude of wait and see. (Line 8)
5. Statement 5: FALSE. Private traffic is now down by 20 per cent. (Line 9)
6. Statement 6: TRUE. If you put it in a package, a majority of motorists will support it. (Lines 12-14)

(B) Use of English and Vocabulary (3 points)

7. Synonyms for Pleased:

... Continue reading "English Practice Key: London Congestion Charge and Japanese Imperial Family Protocol" »

5hcm Loc is a novel by Miguel Delibes (1920) published in 1966. This author is considered as the most representative of intimate realism. The creation of Delibes covers many topics: childhood, sports, wildlife and the denunciation of social injustices. He has received several considerations and galrdones including membership of the Royal Academy of the tongue or to be named Favorite Son of Valladolid and Andalusia. Abstract: 3HCM is a monologue about memories of a woman who watches the corpse of her husband. It is one of the most famous of Delibes and Tatro was made into very successful with audiences and critics. The book is divided into three parts: prologue and epilogue monologue. Both the prologue to the epilogue how to use 3rd person omniscient... Continue reading "Five hours with Mario" »

Vida San Sebastian was born in 1872. He studied medicine but soon served as a doctor. His contacts with writers led him to indulge his literary vocation. 1900 he published first books. 1911 the tree of knowledge, articles and essays, 17 novels. 1935 consolidated fame, joins civil war SAR surprises in the Basque country and goes to France. 1940 back to Madrid, creative capacity is exhausted, he died in 1956. Personality lonely and bitter mood, sincere, more sensitivity is necessary, shy spirit of independence and opted for self-reflection to which it attributed to an imbalance and a spirit of mad man. Pessimistic about the man and the world, felt tenderness for helpless beings, not whether the world would be happy for it to mourn a child. In... Continue reading "Pio Baroja, and "The Tree of Knowledge"" »

pure substance: is a phase of uniform composition and unchanging can not be decomposed into other substances of different classes by physical methods.

elements: they are pure substances that can not be decomposed into simpler ones through normal chemical processes.

compounds: they are pure substances made up of two or more elements, which can be decomposed by chemical methods on the elements of which are constituted. A compound always has the same elements and the same proportions regardless of the process followed.

Blended is an aggregation of different substances without causing any chemical reaction between them and therefore may be separated by physical methods.

ponderal laws: they refer to the quantity of matter of different substances... Continue reading "Laws ponderal" »

English Grammar Essentials

Active and Passive Voice Tenses

Tense	ACTIVE Voice (Example)	PASSIVE Voice (Example)
Present Simple	We bake bread here.	The bread is baked here.
Present Continuous	We are baking bread.	The bread is being baked.
Present Perfect	We have baked bread.	The bread has been baked.
Past Simple	We baked bread yesterday.	The bread was baked.
Past Continuous	We were baking bread.	The bread was being baked.
Past Perfect	We had baked bread.	The bread had been baked.
Future Simple (Will)	We will bake bread.	The bread will be baked.
Future (Going To)	We are going to bake bread.	The bread is going to be baked.
Modal Verb	We should bake bread.	The bread should be baked.

Time Clauses and Subordinating Conjunctions

Conjunction	Example Sentence
WHEN	Let's cross the bridge

... Continue reading "English Grammar & Finance Vocabulary Reference Tables" »