Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Baccalaureate

The structural organization of eukaryotic cells is remarkably complex and compartmentalized, reflecting the diverse functions these cells perform. Eukaryotes encompass a wide array of organisms, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists. Below is a detailed exploration of the structural components of eukaryotic cells:

1. Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

• Composition: The cell's outer boundary is formed by a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and other molecules.
• Function: It regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell, acting as a selective barrier.

2. Cell Wall (in some cells)

• Present in: Plant cells, fungal cells, and some protists.
• Composition: A rigid structure made of cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi.
• Function:

Parabolic Motion

Is when an object has two dimensions: U.R.M on the horizontal axis and U.A.R.M on the vertical axis.

Vertical Motion

Is when we throw an object totally up, meaning that the initial velocity or force is only applied in the vertical axis.

Uniform Rectilinear Motion (U.R.M)

Is when an object travels in a straight line at a constant speed with zero acceleration.

Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion (U.A.R.M)

Is when an object travels in a straight line with constant acceleration.

Inertia

Property of objects to maintain their current state.

Law of Conservation of Matter

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed.

Gravitational Acceleration

Type of acceleration that attracts bodies towards the center of an astro.

Work

Scalar... Continue reading "Laws of Motion and Gravitation in Physics" »

The urea cycle, also known as the ornithine cycle, is a critical metabolic pathway that primarily occurs in the liver, and to a lesser extent, in the kidneys. Its main function is to convert excess nitrogen from protein and amino acid breakdown into urea, a less toxic compound than ammonia, for safe excretion in urine.

Steps in the Urea Cycle

The urea cycle involves several enzymatic reactions within the mitochondria and cytoplasm of liver cells. Key molecules include ammonia, carbon dioxide, ornithine, citrulline, argininosuccinate, and arginine.

1. Formation of Carbamoyl Phosphate

• Ammonia (NH₃) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) combine in the mitochondria.
• This reaction, catalyzed by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS I), produces carbamoyl phosphate.

Reported Speech and English Grammar Essentials

Direct and Reported Speech

Time and Place Changes in Reported Speech

Question Words in Reported Speech

• What

Essential English Vocabulary

Common Terms and Expressions

• Alike - Semblant
• Adequate - Appropriate
• Awkward - Complicat
• Culture gap - Bretxa cultural
• Fit in - Encaixar
• Foreign - Estrany
• Misconception - Idea equivocada
• Outlook - Punt de vista
• Narrow-minded - Mentalitat tancada
• Roots - Origen
• Straightforward - Sincer/Directe
• Unheard of - Insòlit/a
• Come what may - Passi el que passi
• Fetch - Anar
• Heritage - Patrimoni
• Long for - Desitjar
• Overwhelming - Insuportable

Work and Education

• Boom - Molta demanda
• Degree - Grau
• Freelance - Per compte propi
• Internship - (Estada de) pràctiques
• Overtime - Hores extres
• Range - Varietat
• Rewarding - Gratificant
• Room for advancement - Possibilitat d'ascens
• Self-employed - Autònom
• Shift - Torn
• Think outside the box - Pensar diferent
• Troubleshooting

Chapter 20: Evaluation

Critical Thinking and Evaluation

Critical thinking is how a nurse gathers patient data from nursing diagnoses to develop a plan of care and implement interventions. Evaluation, the final step of the nursing process, determines whether the patient's condition or well-being improves after applying the nursing process. Nurses apply their knowledge and previous experiences to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing care.

Evaluative Measures vs. Assessment

Assessment identifies existing problems, while evaluation determines if those problems have remained the same, worsened, or changed.

Importance of Evaluative Measures

Using the right evaluative measures increases the likelihood of accurately identifying changes in the patient's... Continue reading "Effective Nursing Evaluation: Critical Thinking & Patient Outcomes" »

Why Online Shopping Is the Superior Way to Shop

In the modern age of convenience and technology, online shopping has become an increasingly popular way to shop. It stands out as the best method for several compelling reasons:

• Vast Selection: The array of products available at our fingertips is unparalleled. Whether you're looking for the latest fashion trends, rare collectibles, or everyday essentials, online stores offer a seemingly endless selection.
• Effortless Comparison: The ease of comparison shopping allows consumers to find the best deals and prices, often with just a few clicks. This not only saves money but also significant time and effort.
• Unmatched Convenience: Shopping from the comfort of your own home, avoiding crowded stores and long

ALOS: Average Length of Stay

Total occupied room nights/total bookings

Attrition

Difference between the number of rooms reserved compared to the number of rooms used

Booking Curve

An important tool for yielding that provides a visual representation of the pickup, number of bookings, availability, and yielding capacity of the hotel over time

Pick Up

No. of reservations between today & day of arrival

Contract

>30 nights + large volume

Group

>10 rooms, contract, deposit

• Corporate: Negotiated rate for a block with a specific company
• Association/Convention: Negotiated rate for a block with trade, professional, philanthropic association
• Government: Negotiated rate for a block with a qualifying government agency

Transient

Ind & groups

• Retail: Market

A Composite Map of Social Class in the U.S.

The upper class
Wealthiest Americans earning more than $180,800 a year, owning large suburban homes, driving new luxury cars. Wealth comes from investment income (usually). About 5% of all American households.
The upper middle class
Well-off professionals, such as doctors, lawyers, professors, with incomes ranging from about $100,000 to about $180,000 or so. About 15% of all American households.
Lower Middle Class
Skilled services, office workers, skilled craftsmen, with household incomes from about $38,000 to about $100,000. About 40% of American households.
Working Class
Factory workers, mechanics, office workers, etc. About 20% of American households. Income from about $20,000 to $38,000.
The lower class
People... Continue reading "Social Class in the U.S.: Inequality, Mobility, and Gender" »

WEEK 1: Software that Manages Computer Hardware

Operating System as an Abstract Machine, Service Provider, and Resource Manager. OS Objectives: Convenience, Efficiency, and Ability to Evolve.

Performance Indices

Arrival Time, Service Time, Turnaround Time, Normalized Turnaround Time. First-Come-First-Served (FCFS) Scheduling Policy.

Microprocessor and DMA Activity

Impact of Microprocessor Bus Configuration and DMA Activity on System Speed.

Memory System and Cache

Cache and Main Memory Access Time, Average Access Time Calculation.

iOS and Android

Similarities and Differences between iOS and Android.

Job Execution and CPU Utilization

CPU Utilization for Uniprogramming and Multiprogramming.

Direct Memory Access (DMA)

Coordination, Memory Operations Completion,... Continue reading "Understanding Operating Systems: Functions, Performance, and Multithreading" »