Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Arts and Humanities

Linguistic and Literary Concepts

Basic Definitions

Phrase

A word or group of words that makes complete sense, is pronounced with a particular intonation, and, in writing, is separated from others by punctuation marks such as a period, exclamation point, or question mark.

Phrase (Syntactic)

A group of words without a verb.

Sentence

A group of words containing a verb, often conjugated personally.

Common Grammatical Issues

Leísmo

Using 'le' or 'les' as a direct object pronoun when 'lo' or 'los' (or 'la'/'las') would be standard.

Laísmo

Using 'la' or 'las' as an indirect object pronoun when 'le' or 'les' would be standard.

Loísmo

Using 'lo' or 'los' as an indirect object pronoun when 'le' or 'les' would be standard.

Literary Movements

Realism

A movement born... Continue reading "Spanish Realism and Naturalism: Galdós and Clarín" »

Literary Devices and Rhetorical Figures

Sound and Repetition

• Alliteration: The repetition of a phoneme or phoneme group (e.g., "saw such horror").
• Onomatopoeia: A type of alliteration that mimics real sounds (e.g., the ticking of a clock).
• Anaphora: Repetition of a word or words at the beginning of a phrase or verse (e.g., "all wear a dress, shoe fit all").

Wordplay and Syntax

• Paronomasia: An association of two words with similar signifiers but different meanings (e.g., "clouds are not nabes").
• Polysyndeton: Coordination involving numerous and repeated conjunctions (e.g., "the meadow and river and valley and flute and source").
• Epithets: Adding adjectives that characterize a noun to praise or blame (e.g., "oh, my sweet treasures found").
• Asyndeton:

Semantic Relationships and Determiners

Semantic relationships: Synonym: relationship between two words that share one or more meanings (synonymy). Partial synonymy: partial overlap in some of their meanings. E.g., 'naive' and 'innocent' are similar in meaning. Example: it was so innocent / ingenuous that everyone thought you had intended no harm. Total synonymy: words that are replaceable with one another in any context. E.g., 'urine' / 'pee'; (note: some pairs that appear synonymous in some contexts may not be totally interchangeable).

Antonymy

Antonym: a semantic relation based on opposition or difference of meaning. There are several types:

• Binary antonyms: words whose meanings are incompatible with each other; an assertion of one implies the

Character Analysis in *The Holy Innocents*

The gallery of characters that appears in the novel denotes the author's strong concern for human beings. The Holy Innocents is fundamentally a novel of character, both quantitatively and qualitatively; the largest proportion of the text is reserved for the portrayal of human figures.

Classification of Characters by Presence

We can establish three distinct groups based on their prominence and function:

1. Characters in the Spotlight (Primary)

   These are the central figures driving the narrative. They include Azarías (the real protagonist), Paco el Bajo, and Master Iván (representing negative traits).

2. Background Characters (Essential Support)

   Their presence is minor but essential to expand the story's context.

Linguistic Registers

Linguistic registers vary based on context and formality:

• Informal/Colloquial: General theme, daily use, oral channel, subjective intentionality, low formality. Often involves discussion and avoidance of known roots, colloquialisms. Generally denotative of language.
• Formal Standard: Generally oral or written, objective, medium to high formality. Avoids colloquialisms. Denotative language.
  • Written: Newspapers, signs, notices, informative texts.
  • Oral: News media, etc.
• Scientific/Technical: Specialized, written or oral, objective, high enunciative level. Uses symbols, jargon (monosemantic terms), and roots (Greek or Latin elements) or Anglicisms. Denotative language only.
  • Written: Journal articles, technical reports, theses.
  • Oral:

The Literary Avant-Garde: Movements and Impact

The term Vanguardias Literarias (Literary Vanguards) was coined during World War I to describe a range of artistic concerns. The Avant-Garde consisted of a huge number of movements, all sharing the desire to create a radically new art, breaking completely with Realism.

European Avant-Garde Movements

• Futurism

  Started in Italy (1909) by F.T. Marinetti. Characterized by:

  • A dynamic, fast style, often employing verbal breaks and syntactic disruption.
  • Hatred of the intellect, favoring intuition.
  • A complete break with the past.

  Influence: Heavily influenced the Spanish Generation of '27 (e.g., Pedro Salinas, Rafael Alberti).

• Cubism (Fine Arts Influence)

  Appeared around 1907 with painters Pablo Picasso and Georges

What is Literary Realism and When Did It Emerge?

Literary realism emerged as a way of representing reality, aiming to get closer to its individual social and cultural aspects. Realists analyze and deepen human reality through direct observation of everyday life. It arose in the second half of the nineteenth century.

What Was the Most Cultivated Genre in Realism?

The novel was the most cultivated genre because it was considered the most appropriate means of expression to depict reality. The origin of the realistic novel can be found in the genre of the novel of manners and the sixteenth-century Spanish romance tradition.

Features of the Realistic Novel

• Interest in humans and the social and cultural environment in which they live.
• Observation and description

Database User Management

Creating and Modifying Users

Use the CREATE USER or ALTER USER command to manage user accounts, defining their authentication, default storage, resource limits, and account status:

CREATE/ALTER USER username IDENTIFIED BY password
[DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace_name]
[TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tablespace_name]
[QUOTA {integer {K|M} | UNLIMITED} ON tablespace_name]
[PROFILE profile_name]
[ACCOUNT {LOCK|UNLOCK}];

Dropping Users

To remove a user and all their associated schema objects, use the DROP USER command with the CASCADE option:

DROP USER user_name CASCADE;

Database Privilege Management

Granting Object and System Privileges

The GRANT command assigns specific object or system privileges to users or roles:

GRANT SELECT ANY TABLE

Realism in 19th Century Spain

Bourgeois Society and Daily Life

The Realism art movement focused on portraying bourgeois society, leaving behind romantic ideals for social commentary. It depicted everyday life in both rural and urban settings, analyzing environments, social groups, and their influence on character development.

The Realist Novel

The Realist novel combined individual and social aspirations. It blended fiction with historical aspects, portraying contemporary life in real places with detailed descriptions. Characters were ordinary individuals, described externally, internally, and socially, engaging in direct-style dialogues. An omniscient narrator provided commentary and insights.

Realism in Spain

From 1870, Spanish Realism flourished... Continue reading "19th Century Spanish Realism and Naturalism in Literature" »

Forms of Oral Communication

Application: An administrative document conveying a request to a specific issuer or recipient.

Dialogue: The most common form of oral communication.

Monologue: A unique oral manifestation where a speaker addresses an audience for an extended period.

Talking Shop: An informal meeting where individuals exchange views on various topics.

Debate: A formal, planned, and publicized version of a symposium.

Contemporary Spanish Theater

Post-Civil War Era

The evolution of Spanish theater, narrative, and lyric was significantly influenced by the civil war and its aftermath. From 1939, the Spanish theatrical landscape was marked by exile and the loss of authors during the war.

Argumentation

Argumentative Discourse: Aims to persuade or... Continue reading "Effective Communication: Forms, Techniques, and Structures" »