Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Arts and Humanities

Culteranismo (Góngora)

Seeks to cultivate beauty and impress the reader's senses with light, heat, and sound.

• Features: hyperbaton; metaphors; cultism (use of words from Latin or Greek); adjectives (color, sound, appearance); mythology (subjects taken from Greek and Latin mythology).

Conceptismo (Quevedo)

Explores the meaning of words, wit, and clever puns that surprise the reader by the accumulation of reasoning.

• Features: metaphors based on ingenious partnerships; neologisms (creating words with prefixes and suffixes); antithesis (presentation of competing ideas); hyperbole (exaggeration); ornamental adjectives but not conceptual.

Characteristics of Lope de Vega's Theater

• Themes and issues: issues like love, honor, religious and monarchical ideals.

The Laocoön Group (c. 50 BC)

This monumental sculpture, created around 50 BC, was commissioned for Nero's Domus Aurea. It is attributed to three Rhodian sculptors: Agesander, Polydorus, and Athenodorus.

Subject and Style

The group represents the tragic punishment of the Trojan priest Laocoön and his two sons. Having offended Apollo, they are attacked by snakes sent to suffocate them. The work powerfully reflects the violence and imbalance characteristic of Late Hellenism.

It was designed for frontal contemplation. The three participating sculptors sought to contrast the tremendous muscular upheaval of Laocoön with the more classical anatomies of the children.

Discovery and Influence

• Discovery: The sculpture was discovered in 1506.
• Renaissance Impact:

Piet Mondrian's Composition: An Analysis

Table II: Details of the Artwork

Author: Mondrian, Piet

Dated: 1921 - 1925

Style: Neoplasticism

• Rejection of texture, surface, and light qualities.
• Reduced palette to primary colors.
• Flat surface must only contain planar elements.
• Removal of curved lines.
• Presence of straight lines.

Technique: Oil

Support: Canvas

Current Location: Max Bill collection in Zurich

Topic: Squares, Rectangles, and Primary Colors

Squares and rectangles of various sizes accommodate mass and bright primary colors, combining to form a closed fabric that meets the surface of the canvas.

Formal Elements

The composition is divided into colored zones of squares and rectangles, some larger than others, creating a structure that prints a great deal... Continue reading "De Stijl: Mondrian's Neoplasticism & Primary Colors" »

The Renaissance: Rebirth of Classical Ideals

The Renaissance began in Italy and spread throughout Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. The concept of "rebirth" expressed a profound desire to restore the ideals of classical Greco-Latin civilization. This entailed the assimilation of its ideas and values, including the exaltation of human dignity and the emergence of a new type of society based on secular principles. The idea of rebirth also signified a desire to break from the immediate past, often referred to as the "Dark Ages."

Art and science became the primary means through which Renaissance intellectuals sought to achieve this renewal, viewing the Middle Ages as a dark period. In the art world, a strong desire emerged to imitate literary,... Continue reading "European Cultural Eras: Renaissance to Neoclassicism" »

Understanding Journalistic Genres

Newspaper articles are incredibly diverse. They can be broadly classified into two main groups:

• Informative Texts: These present facts objectively and primarily serve a referential function.
• Opinion Texts: These offer a subjective view or interpretation of events, primarily serving an expressive or appellative function.

Informative Subgenres

The News

The news is the primary informative subgenre. It exposes current facts objectively. A news story is considered an event that attracts significant public interest. The structure of news is often taken as a model for other journalistic texts. It typically consists of the following parts:

• Headlines: They provide a brief overview of the reported fact. Headlines are crucial

Print Media and Journalistic Genres

The content of print media is varied, including daily general information, sports, economics, gossip magazines, political issues, and specialized publications on topics like decoration.

Different types of texts that appear in newspapers and magazines are called journalistic genres. These genres represent different ways journalists treat information. These can be divided into three groups:

1. Articles that objectively report information. Examples include news reports.
2. Articles where the journalist comments on or evaluates events. Examples include commentaries and interviews.
3. Texts in which the author expresses their opinion on current events or exposes their ideas. Examples include articles, forums, editorials, and

Qualitative Market Research Techniques

1. Imaging Studies

Imaging is a qualitative market research method that investigates the internal, emotional, and profound aspects of consumers' perceptions of products, brands, and advertising. To perform an imaging study, follow these steps:

• Identify competitive products under a brand or company.
• Create a list of attributes for qualitative analysis.
• Determine the level of product knowledge, brand, or company awareness.
• Determine the importance of attributes and how they influence purchase decisions.
• Obtain comparative results of the competition for brand, products, and company.
• Gather information about your company's brand and purchase intent.
• Collect demographic information descriptive of the study segment.
• Analyze

Literature of the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century

In the second half of the nineteenth century, literature reflected social changes and new ideological currents. Thus, the main objective of Realism and Naturalism was to provide a clear picture of the society of the time.

Literary Genres of the Period

These ideological currents were translated into different genres:

• Lyrical Poetry: Poetry was scarce. The most prominent authors were Ramón de Campoamor and Núñez de Arce.
• Theatre: It represented contemporary life issues. The most cultivated theatrical subgenres at this time were the high comedy (López de Ayala, Tamayo y Baus), the comedy of manners (Bretón de los Herreros), and the social drama (José Echegaray).
• Narrative: The novel was the

Avant-Garde Aesthetic Movements

Avant-garde refers to a set of artistic movements that developed in the early decades of the 20th century. These movements rebelled against the concept of art based on the imitation of reality, maintaining the exceptional taste and the strange legacy of symbolism.

Even from very different positions, they met a number of common characteristics that had a profound impact on art and literature:

• Anti-realism and autonomy of art
• Irrationality
• Desire for originality
• Aesthetic experimentation

Highlights Within the European Avant-Garde

• Futurism: Proclaimed its break with the past and praised the geometric splendor of the world, mechanical civilization, and technical achievements. Stylistically, it sought verbal dynamism and