Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Arts and Humanities

Narrative Discourse Elements

Structure of Narrative

The Narrative Sequence

The narrative discourse consists of a series of events, real or imagined.

• Themes: Narrated real-life events, but these changes are irrelevant (they look real even though they are not).
• Structure:
  • Closed: Approach and denouement respecting the chronological development of the facts. Can have alterations:
    • a) In medias res: Begin the story by events that should be counted on.
    • b) Begin with the outcome (contemporary novel).
  • Open: The story unfolds without a plan outlined previously, called juxtaposition of episodes.

Personality and Characterization

Without personality, action is possible.

• Creation: They represent an idea; others are the taming of the being and thinking of the author.

Radio: Information, Education, and Entertainment

Radio's primary function is to inform, educate, and entertain.

Language of Radio

Spoken Word

Spoken Word is characterized by oral language traits: spontaneity, immediacy, fleetingness, informality, and repetition. Since it's primarily auditory, the speaker must use intonation, vocalization, pauses, inflection, and rhythm to maintain listener interest (Parasintetic Elements).

Music

Music serves various purposes, including identifying programs or stations, marking program segments, introducing advertisements, filling gaps, setting the mood, and providing content for music-focused programs.

Sound Effects

Sound effects help listeners interpret messages correctly and imagine events: applause, laughter, screams,... Continue reading "Radio and Television: Genres, Language, and Elements" »

The Fundamentals of Human Communication

Communication is the process by which the sender transmits a message to a receptor. There are two types: oral communication and written communication. Humans communicate continuously. For this, we utilize signs making up codes. The code which provides the main communication for people is language.

Phonetics: Syllables, Diphthongs, and Accents

The syllable is a set of sounds which are pronounced with a single blow of voice.

• Diphthong: A set of two vowels that are pronounced united.
• Triphthong: The set of three vowels that are pronounced together.
• Hiatus: The joining of two contiguous vowels.

The distinguishing feature of the stressed syllable is the accent.

Classification of Text Types and Word Structures

Text... Continue reading "Mastering Communication and Linguistic Principles" »

Cervantes' Narrative Style

Cervantes' work reflects a Mannerist style, positioned between the simplicity and naturalness of the Renaissance and the complexity and artifice of the Baroque. His style successfully adapts to the needs of a broad audience, blending the popular, proverb-filled speech of Sancho Panza with idealized, bucolic landscapes. The narrative combines religious and archaic elements, a parody of chivalric romances, and a plain, intimate, natural, and expressive tone.

Key Narrative Techniques

• Narrative Perspectivism: The primary narrator is limited to transcribing a manuscript allegedly found, attributed to an Arab historian, Cide Hamete Benengeli. This is known as the "found manuscript" technique.
• Humor and Verisimilitude: This

The Novel

Definition

The novel is a prominent contemporary narrative subgenre, captivating both critics and audiences. It presents narrative patterns found in other subgenres, offering a compelling storytelling experience.

It is a story of considerable length, centered around a narrator who presents actions, characters, times, and places, emphasizing one of these categories as dominant.

Structural Elements

1. Time

As a story, the novel's events are arranged in a specific sequence.

• Time of speech: The final point in time of the narrated events.
• Story time: The timeframe in which the story unfolds.

2. Space

Space serves to locate characters and their actions, creating symbolic effects. It functions independently and can symbolize character or mood.

3. Plot

The... Continue reading "Understanding the Novel: Structure, Elements, and Classification" »

Ramón María del Valle-Inclán's Theater Periods

The dramatic works of Valle-Inclán are typically categorized into distinct cycles:

• Modernist Cycle

  This cycle includes works such as The Marquis of Bradomín (1906) and The Wilderness of Souls (1908).

• Mythic Cycle

  Starting with his native Galicia, Valle-Inclán creates a mythical and timeless world. Irrationality, violence, lust, greed, and death rule the destinies of the protagonists. Works belonging to this period include the trilogy Barbaric Words and Divine Comedies.

• Farce Cycle

  This is a group of comedies gathered in a volume called Plank's Puppet Education of Princes (1909, 1912, 1920). These works present a continuing contrast between the sentimental and the grotesque, and their puppet-show

The Generation of '27 in Spanish Theater

The Generation of '27 was a group of influential poets and writers who emerged in Spanish literary circles in the 1920s. While primarily celebrated for their poetry, many members also made significant contributions to the world of theater. This section highlights some key figures and their theatrical endeavors:

Key Figures and Their Theatrical Contributions

• Rafael Alberti: His theatrical concerns often reflected the themes of his poetry, exploring concepts found in works like 'The Uninhabited Man' and 'Monstrosity'.
• Max Aub: Began his career with avant-garde works, later writing engaged theater that powerfully reflected reality, particularly during his exile.
• Alejandro Casona: Renowned for his poetic realism

Fundamental Concepts of Art Study

Aesthetic Attitude

• Involves the total person (sensible and intelligible aspects).
• The artist possesses artistic sensibilities, seeing more than others.
• Senses most suitable for art creation are the higher senses: sight and hearing, often associated with the spiritual. However, other senses should not be underestimated (e.g., architecture relies on touch).
• The characteristic of aesthetic experience is wonder.
• The attitude required for aesthetic experience is disinterestedness; the artwork is an end in itself. This resignation is not indifference. (Example: Contemplating an object's appearance rather than being interested in its real-world utility.)

Disciplines of Art Study

The study of art is generally divided into... Continue reading "Foundations of Art Study: Aesthetics, Theory, and History" »

Defining Human Language and Linguistic Signs

Human language is defined as a system of socially produced signs, a structure established to represent and communicate. A sign is composed of two inseparable parts:

• Signifier: The perceived form of the sign (sound or graphic image).
• Signified (Significance): What the sign represents.

In communication, a sign is produced and received by a user (transmitter/receiver). The study of language involves several key areas:

• Syntax: The study of combinations of signifiers.
• Semantics: Focuses on the study of the meaning of linguistic signs.
• Pragmatics: Interested in language use, specifically the relationship established between the utterance and context.

Linguistic signs are characterized by the following basic features:... Continue reading "Language Structure, Mimesis, and the Romantic Sublime" »

Literary Perspectives: Tragedy and Realism

Hamlet: Shakespeare's Tragic Vision

Shakespeare employed a diverse range of language, from vulgar to more solemn, adapting it to the dialogue's context, character, and social class. For the author, importance lies in the expression of feelings; the entire work revolves around the protagonist's thoughts. Another characteristic of the author's style is the coexistence of tragic and comic elements. Regarding the work itself, it reflects sixteenth-century Danish society. It also portrays the world as a meaningless chaos dominated by passions and delusions.

Madame Bovary: Flaubert's Psychological Realism

The author focuses all his interest on the psychological analysis of the protagonist, Madame Bovary. While... Continue reading "Literary Analysis: Shakespeare's Hamlet and Flaubert's Bovary" »