Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems

The Conversion of Saint Ignatius of Loyola

After becoming injured in battle, Saint Ignatius had a lot of time on his hands as he recovered. He asked for some readings to pass the time, but all they had was “A Life of Christ” and “The Saints of Castilian.” Following these readings, he began to reflect on his life and what God meant in it; this is when he decided to live the rest of his life for God and began to think about his Spiritual Exercises and what shaped the current Jesuit traditions.

The Purpose of Human Existence

Human beings are created to praise, reverence, and serve God Our Lord. To do this, I must make myself indifferent.

A Journey Fired with God

One thing he wanted to do was travel to Jerusalem as soon as he had recovered,... Continue reading "Saint Ignatius: From Soldier to Servant of God" »

Common Circuit Symbols and Components

• Switch: Used to open or close the circuit.
• Light Bulb: Designed to shine when current passes through it.
• Voltage Source (Battery): Produces electric current using chemical or physical properties of different materials.
• Conductor (Wire): Provides a path through which electric charge can flow.

Series vs. Parallel Circuits

• Series: Requires minimal wire; all elements must be working for the circuit to function.
• Parallel: Features several branches; provides more available power.
• Similarity: Both configurations require a battery or voltage source.

Electromagnets and Electric Motors

Uses of an Electromagnet

Electromagnets are used to pick up objects, write data, and power motors.

Increasing Electromagnet Strength

To increase... Continue reading "Essential Physics Principles and Electrical Circuits" »

The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648): Causes and Consequences

The Thirty Years' War was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. It began as a religious struggle between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire but evolved into a political contest for power among European states. The war primarily devastated Central Europe, particularly Germany.

Causes of the Thirty Years’ War

1. Religious Conflict

• The primary cause was the friction between Catholics and Protestants following the Protestant Reformation.
• Protestant rulers demanded religious freedom.
• Catholic rulers and the Holy Roman Emperor sought to restore Catholic dominance.
• Tensions escalated following the Counter-Reformation led by the Catholic Church.

2. Weakness

What's This? - Flyleaf

What's this? What's this?
There's color everywhere.
What's this?
There's white things in the air.
What's this?
I can't believe my eyes, I must be dreaming.
Wake up, Jack, this isn't fair. What's this?

What's this? What's this?
There's something very wrong.
What's this?
There's people singing songs.
What's this?
The streets are lined with little children laughing.
Everybody seems so happy; have I possibly gone daffy? What is this?

There's children throwing snowballs instead of throwing heads.
They're busy building toys, and absolutely no one's dead.
There's frost on every window, oh, I can't believe my eyes.
And in my bones I feel the warmth that's coming from inside.

Oh, look! What's this?
They're hanging mistletoe, they kiss.
Why, that looks... Continue reading "The Nightmare Before Christmas: Iconic Song Lyrics" »

Finding the Perfect Outfit

Yoko: Hey Liz, what are you doing?

Liz: I'm looking for an outfit. Can you help me?

Yoko: Well, you usually wear something comfortable like jeans and a T-shirt. What's wrong with that?

Liz: I don't like to wear jeans all the time. I want to wear something different—I mean, special.

Yoko: Really? Why?

Liz: You know I'm singing at the park café tonight.

Yoko: That's great! What do you have to wear?

Liz: Well, what do you think of this?

Yoko: I don't know. Put it on, let's see.

Liz: Okay, fine.

Yoko: I like it! You look wonderful.

Liz: Yeah, but it's very dressy and these high heels are so uncomfortable.

Yoko: You look great in those shoes. Um, you know...

Liz: I don't think I want to wear a dress.

Yoko: Okay, well, how about a... Continue reading "Choosing the Perfect Outfit: A Fashion Conversation" »

Financial Markets and Money Practice Questions

1. Which of the following assigns widely-followed bond ratings? — C) Moody's
2. The Federal Reserve issues a report indicating that future inflation will be higher than had previously seemed likely. As a result — E) none
3. Which of the following makes up the largest share of M2? — C) M1
4. The risk premium of corporate bonds typically increases — A) during a recession.
5. The demand curve for bonds would be increased by — D) a decrease in expected returns on other assets.
6. If the government decreases taxes while increasing expenditures — C) the bond supply curve will shift to the right and the equilibrium interest rate will rise.
7. When a company whose ability to repay its obligations in full is uncertain

Task-Based Activities in ELT

It is a principle of communicative approaches to ELT that task-based activities enhance learning. In language learning, task-based activities are those which stimulate effective use of language but involve no conscious analysis of language. An exercise which instructs a learner to change the tense of a verb is not task-based because it is language-focused. Getting learners to listen carefully to instructions in order to draw a picture, make a model, or play a game are examples of a task-based approach.

It is argued that if tasks are identified as the main elements of the syllabus, then syllabus and methodology will control each other.

The Role of Games in Language Learning

To play a game is to enjoy competing alone... Continue reading "Task-Based Language Teaching: Principles and Strategies" »

Consequences of the Industrial Revolution

New Social Classes

• Bourgeoisie:
  • High bourgeoisie: Business owners, bankers, and large landowners who formed the ruling class.
  • Middle bourgeoisie: Professionals (lawyers, doctors), civil servants, and merchants.
  • Petty bourgeoisie: Employees, shopkeepers, and artisans whose living conditions scarcely differed from those of the proletariat.

The proletariat (workers) were the most disadvantaged social group. They provided the labor force required to operate machinery and were subjected to harsh discipline, where punishments and penalties were common. The first workers to protest against industrialization were the Luddites (England, early 19th century), who destroyed machinery in the belief that it was responsible... Continue reading "Social and Economic Consequences of the Industrial Revolution" »

Press and Information

Linguistic and Non-Linguistic Elements

In linguistic analysis, we focus on the literal meaning of words, cult-friendly syntax, and the dominance of the indicative present tense in verbs, nouns, and adjectives. In non-linguistic elements, we consider:

• Images, photos, and caricatures
• Graphics, pictures, diagrams, and organizational charts
• Variation of typographical elements (font sizes)
• Page layout (even or odd pages) and the importance of the front page

Journalistic Genres

Journalistic texts are divided into informative (news, reports) and opinion (editorial, article, column) genres.

News

News informs the audience about new events. A fact becomes news based on several factors: timeliness, proximity, surprise, the protagonists involved,... Continue reading "Journalistic Writing: Linguistic and Structural Analysis" »

Enlightenment and the French Revolution

The failure of some Enlightenment authors brought the monarchy and reformism into question. These thinkers committed to violent solutions for social conflicts, leading to the French Revolution. This revolution abolished the monarchy and established a new regime under the slogan "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity," which embodies the core values of the Enlightenment.

Characteristics of the Spanish Enlightenment

In Spain, the Enlightenment was met with distrust from the Church, which viewed it as a diabolical force. Most of the population rejected the movement due to its foreign origins, labeling Spanish intellectuals who sought to modernize the country as afrancesados. Despite this resistance, French books were... Continue reading "Enlightenment Influence on the French Revolution and Spain" »