Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems

History of Photographic Processes

• 1839 Daguerreotype: A metal surface covered with a layer of silver. The image is revealed by mercury vapors. It does not allow for copies.
• 1839 Calotype: A negative on wax paper. It allows for contact printing but has less definition than the daguerreotype.
• 1851 Wet Collodion: An emulsion of silver nitrate, cadmium bromide, water, and gelatin organized in collodion (a mixture of alcohol, gun cotton, and ether) on a glass surface. It must be prepared moments before the shot and processed immediately. It allows for short exposures.
• 1880 Dry Plate: Silver salts are agglutinated with gelatin. These were prepared well in advance and could be processed months after exposure. This allowed for industrial production.
• 1888

Indirect Questions and Reported Speech

Correct the underlined words:

• 0. Do you know where the nearest bank is?
• 1. Can you tell me what you did at school yesterday?
• 2. Do you know why Franco behaves so badly?
• 3. Could you tell me how often trains go to New York City from here?
• 4. Do you know when Alex and Julia got married?
• 5. Can you tell me if you enjoyed the movie?

Rewrite the Questions

0. "What time did the train leave?"
Can you tell me what time the train left?

1. "Why haven’t you done your homework yet?"
Could you tell me why you haven’t done your homework yet?

2. "When will the news be announced?"
Do you know when the news will be announced?

3. "Where does Yuki live?"
Do you know where Yuki lives?

4. "How often does the bus go to the airport?"
Could

1. Business English: Marketing Meeting

Key Ideas and Main Messages

• Product Strategy: The team discusses how to sell a new product and increase its visibility.
• Target Audience: They identify the target demographic to create an effective marketing campaign.
• Brand Loyalty: They highlight the importance of brand image and how peer-to-peer recommendations build loyalty.
• Promotion: They plan to use viral marketing and advertisements to capture customer attention.
• Market Research: They agree that research is essential before a product launch.

New Vocabulary and Expressions

• To market: To sell or promote a product.
• Product launch: The initial introduction of a product to the public.
• Word-of-mouth advertising: When people recommend a product to others.
• Brand image:

Modern Dating: Digital Screens vs. Real Connections

It is undeniable that many aspects of modern life have changed significantly over the last few decades, and dating is no exception. The way people meet and build relationships today differs enormously from the experience of previous generations.

If we talk to our parents or grandparents, we quickly realise that dating used to be far more traditional. People would often meet during:

• Local celebrations
• Social gatherings
• Mutual friends

Maintaining contact was also more difficult, since instant messaging and social media did not yet exist.

The Rise of Online Dating Platforms

Nowadays, however, online dating has become increasingly common, especially among younger generations. According to recent studies,... Continue reading "Modern Social Perspectives: Dating, Tech, and Tradition" »

Un Chien Andalou: The First Surrealist Film

Considered the definitive first surrealist film, Un Chien Andalou is a short work composed of seemingly unrelated images. It was created by Luis Buñuel in collaboration with his friend Salvador Dalí. Despite the title, there is no dog, nor is it Andalusian. The film unfolds in an unknown space, devoid of personal character development or temporal markers.

The Mechanics of Dream Logic

The film employs a unique narrative structure: it ignores linear time and utilizes abysmal jumps. For instance, the protagonist reverts to childhood without physical change when punished while holding books. The images appear as they do in dreams: disjointed, representing inner fears, impossible memories, and Freudian

Pulmonary Ventilation and Gas Exchange

Pulmonary ventilation: This is the mechanism through which the air in the lungs and the respiratory tract is renewed. It allows air to flow in and out of the lungs. Ventilation is carried out through two respiratory movements: inhalation and exhalation. The diaphragm and the intercostal muscles mainly participate in these movements. By contracting and relaxing, these muscles produce changes in the volume of the lungs.

Inhalation

This is the movement that allows air to enter the lungs.

1. The diaphragm contracts, increasing the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity.
2. The external intercostal muscles contract. The diameters of the thoracic cavity increase.
3. The lungs, which are elastic, expand.

Exhalation

This is... Continue reading "Human Physiology: Respiratory and Renal System Functions" »

Chapter 1: Basic Securities

Common stock represents an ownership interest, usually purchased for growth and solid returns over time. It is the most junior security, and income may be generated through dividends if declared by the Board of Directors (BOD), which are typically paid quarterly.

• Defensive stocks: Low returns, conservative, less volatile (e.g., utilities or consumer staples).
• Blue chip stocks: Consistent dividends, large-cap stocks.
• Value stocks: Underpriced with higher risk and higher returns.
• Growth stocks: Higher-than-average returns with higher risk (e.g., tech or biotech).
• Mid-cap stocks: Moderate returns.
• Speculative stocks: Small-cap or micro-cap, very risky (e.g., penny stocks/OTC stocks).

Preferred Stock: An ownership interest senior... Continue reading "Series 6 Exam Preparation Essentials" »

Nitrogen Fixation and Symbiosis

Module 3: N₂ + 8e^- + 8H⁺ + 16ATP → 2NH₃ + H₂. Nitrogenase is killed by O₂; leghemoglobin binds O₂ (pink), nodules block O₂, and high respiration lowers free O₂. The plant provides sugars while rhizobia fix N₂. High N levels lead to glutamate, while low N levels lead to glutamine. Plant flavonoids trigger bacterial Nod factors (LPS signals) to initiate symbiosis. Root hair curls (“shepherd’s crook”) trap bacteria and start nodule formation.

Archaea: Biology and Genomics

Archaea: Once thought to be only extremophiles, they are actually ubiquitous. Identified via 16S rRNA (distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes). Methanogens: Only archaea perform methanogenesis, the terminal step of the C-cycle and a source... Continue reading "Microbiology Fundamentals: From Microbial Ecology to Genomics" »

Understanding the Sentence

A sentence is a unit of meaning that conveys a message with a complete verb form and subject-predicate structure. It possesses syntactic independence, meaning it is not part of a larger syntactic unit.

Elements of a Compound Sentence

• Propositions: Two sentence structures consisting of a subject and a predicate.
• Link: A connector joining the two propositions.

Classification of Compound Sentences

• Coordinated: Maintains a relationship of equality. If separated, they function independently (syntactic autonomy) and are connected by a coordinating link.
• Subordinate: A relationship of dependency where the proposition cannot act as an independent sentence. These are linked by a subordinating conjunction and function as nouns, adjectives,

Josep Vicenç Foix (1893–1987)

Josep Vicenç Foix is a complex figure, difficult to classify, often labeled as avant-garde, post-symbolist, or Noucentista. His subjects are distributed across his books, written in a variety of shapes, styles, and techniques that blend avant-garde and classical literary traditions.

Work: Sun and Mourning (1947)

Topic: The protagonist experiences disorientation in nature, perceiving it as an innate land. Though the author feels lost and alone, he immediately recognizes the landscape of a thousand years ago; nothing seems strange, and he rediscovers the countryside where he walks. The space where the poem is set is where he feels lost and lonely due to the elements of nature.

Structure: A sonnet consisting of two... Continue reading "J.V. Foix: Analysis of Sun and Mourning and Key Poems" »