World War II Origins and Aftermath

Treaty of Versailles Aftermath

World War I was poorly resolved due to the harsh terms imposed on Germany by the **Treaty of Versailles**, leading to economic hardships and fostering resentment.

Aggression and Appeasement

Germany pursued aggressive territorial expansion and military rearmament, while Japan aimed at territorial conquests in Asia. In response, England and France initially followed **appeasement** policies, hoping to avoid conflict.

German Expansion 1933-1939

Germany's territorial achievements from 1933 to 1939 included the remilitarization of the **Rhineland**, the annexation of Austria (**Anschluss**), and the occupation of Czechoslovakia.

Formation of Alliances

Germany formed alliances with Italy and Japan through the **Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis**, while anti-German alliances like the Franco-Soviet Pact and later the **Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact** emerged.

Outbreak and Escalation

The European war from 1939 to December 1941 saw German invasions, the Battle of Britain, and the Blitz. The Asian war escalated with Japan's invasion of China. The turning point was the attack on **Pearl Harbor**, merging the conflicts into **World War II**.

World War II as Total War

**World War II** was a "**total war**" as it involved the complete mobilization of societies, economies, and resources for the war effort, impacting civilians and soldiers alike.

The Holocaust

The extermination of millions of Jews and sexual minorities, known as the **Holocaust**, resulted from Nazi ideology, discrimination, and systematic genocide during the war.

Collaboration and Resistance

**Collaboration** and **resistance** movements varied based on occupied territories. Collaboration often stemmed from political opportunism or fear, while resistance was fueled by patriotism or opposition to occupation.

Post-War Conferences

The **Yalta** and **Potsdam** Conferences established post-war agreements, addressing issues like the division of Germany and the establishment of the **United Nations**.

Consequences and Reconstruction

**World War II** had profound demographic and economic consequences, with significant loss of life and extensive destruction. Post-war reconstruction efforts were substantial.

Rise of Superpowers

The **US** and **USSR** became **superpowers** due to their military, economic, and ideological strength. Differences included political systems, economic philosophies, and post-war goals.

The United Nations

The **UN** aims to promote international cooperation and prevent conflicts. Veto countries (permanent members of the Security Council) have special privileges, while rotating countries hold temporary seats without veto power.