Windows 2000 Administration Concepts and Network Components
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a) Microkernel Architecture
A microkernel is an OS architecture where only essential functions (like process management, memory management, and inter-process communication) run in kernel mode.
Other services (like device drivers, file systems, etc.) run in user mode.
Advantage: More stable and secure; easier to maintain.
Disadvantage: Can be slower due to more user-kernel interactions.
b) Data Backup Strategies
Strategies used to safeguard data from loss or corruption.
Types:
Full Backup: Copies all data.
Incremental Backup: Copies only data changed since the last backup.
Differential Backup: Copies changes since the last full backup.
Best practice: Use the 3-2-1 rule – 3 copies, 2 media types, 1 offsite.
c) Auditing in Windows 2000
Auditing tracks user and system activities for security and compliance.
Can monitor logins, file access, policy changes, etc.
Configured via Local Security Policy or Group Policy.
Audit results are stored in the Event Viewer under Security Logs.
d) Group Policy in Windows 2000
A feature used to control the working environment of user accounts and computers.
Administrators can enforce security settings, software installation, desktop configurations, etc.
Managed through the Group Policy Editor (gpedit.msc).
Applied at domain, site, or organizational unit (OU) levels.
Active Directory in Windows 2000
A directory service that stores information about users, computers, and resources in a domain.
Supports centralized administration and authentication.
Organizes resources using domains, trees, and forests.
Key feature of Windows 2000 Server for network management.
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and Data Transmission Equipment (DCE) are two key components in data communication. DTE refers to devices that act as data sources or destinations, such as computers, printers, or terminals. They generate, process, or consume data. On the other hand, DCE refers to devices that are used to transmit or receive data over communication lines, such as modems, routers, or switches. DCE connects DTE to a communication medium and manages the data flow. For example, in a typical setup, a computer (DTE) connects to the Internet through a modem (DCE). The DTE initiates communication, while the DCE helps in establishing and maintaining the data link.