Water Treatment and Quality Principles: Key Concepts
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Water Quality and Treatment Fundamentals
1. Eutrophication
What does the term eutrophication refer to?
An excess of algae growth due to inorganic nutrients.
2. Turbidity and Solubility
What type of particles are responsible for turbidity?
Particulate non-settleable compounds.
If the partial pressure of a gas increases, the solubility in water of the gas:
Increases.
3. Environmental Impacts
Which of the following is an effect of eutrophication?
- Increase of pH in water where there is eutrophication.
- Bacteria consume the oxygen in water by degrading dead plants.
- Plants do not grow due to a lack of sunlight.
Which of the following is an effect of thermal pollution?
Lack of O2 due to lower solubility of gases at high temperatures.
4. Water Chemistry and Directives
What cations are responsible for the hardness of water?
Magnesium and calcium.
What is the objective of the Water Framework Directive?
To guarantee the availability of natural resources.
What is the objective of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive?
To protect the environment from urban wastewater discharges.
5. Treatment Processes
What is the objective of the settling process?
To remove suspended solids.
Which parameter affects the efficiency of a settler?
Particle settling velocity and upflow velocity of water.
What parameter affects the upflow velocity of water in a settler?
The surface area of the settler.
What is the flocculation process?
The formation of macroflocs from destabilized colloids.
What is the objective of bar screening?
To remove inorganic particulate solids.
6. Disinfection and Definitions
What is the process that inactivates pathogens in chlorine?
Oxidation of the pathogens.
What is the process that inactivates pathogens in ozone disinfection?
Breaking the cellular membrane.
Which is the correct definition of COD?
O2 consumed during the chemical oxidation of wastewater.
7. Biological Treatment Parameters
What is the right definition of SRT?
V / Qw
What is the right definition of HRT?
V / Qin
As SRT increases:
Sbeff decreases and XH increases.
As Qw decreases:
Sbeff decreases and XH increases.
8. Biological Processes
What is removed in secondary treatment?
Organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
What type of bacteria can degrade NH4?
XA, autotrophic bacteria.
What type of bacteria can degrade COD?
XH, heterotrophic bacteria.
During the oxidation of NH4:
O2 is consumed and NO3 is produced.
During anoxic degradation of organic matter:
NO2 is consumed and N2 is produced.
During anoxic oxidation of organic matter:
NO3 is consumed.
YA represents:
Grams of XA generated per gram of NH4 consumed.
9. Water Reuse and Recovery
Which of the following uses are allowed for regenerated water?
Irrigation of golf courses, cleaning of streets, and ponds.
Which are the optimum conditions for struvite recovery?
8 < pH < 10 and low temperatures.