Vegetation Zones in Spain: Atlantic, Mediterranean, Macaronesian

Atlantic Spain (Euro-Siberian)

Characterized by wet weather and mild temperatures, this region is home to deciduous forests. These forests feature tall trees with large leaves, requiring ample water. While there are relatively few species, hardwood forests have large populations. In mountainous areas, coniferous forests dominate. The highest points of the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian mountain range feature alpine meadows, as the altitude and snow prevent tree growth.

Mediterranean Spain

This region endures arid months. It is characterized by evergreen forests with small trees, low branches, and sparse growth. Oaks are found in more humid areas, while scrubland dominates the driest places. It's important to note that pine forests are often a secondary formation, spreading broadly due to human activity. The driest coastal areas feature three types of bush:

• Maquis
• Garrigue
• Steppe

Macaronesian Spain

This region, primarily the Canary Islands, is characterized by laurel forests, which are evergreen. Canary Island pine forests are found at higher altitudes, while lower areas feature cactus-like plants.

Riparian Vegetation

Apart from the three aforementioned areas, there are climate zones where the presence of water determines the development of similar vegetation. Riverbank forests are prominent along riverbanks and the edges of marshes. These forests are dominated by deciduous trees like poplars and willows, with the presence of forbs.

Characteristics of Vegetation in Spain

Vegetation depends on both physical and human factors. Spain is undergoing a process of desertification, a stark contrast to its historically abundant vegetation. Forests in Spain that have not been modified by human impact are rare, though some trails exist, such as in Lugo. The Spanish territory has been heavily impacted by human activity. Spain is known for having a low population density compared to the rest of Europe, with 90% of the land not built up; however, the coastal zone is much more developed than the interior. Spain is one of the most biodiverse countries in Europe (ranked 2nd), due to its varied relief, the Canary Islands, and the influence of Africa and the climate. This results in three primary domains: Mediterranean, Macaronesian, and Euro-Siberian.

Vegetation Strata

• Tree stratum: Taller than 3 meters (including lianas).
• Shrub stratum: Below 3 meters.
• Herbaceous layer: Composed of herbs. These can be separated or closed, with full or partial coverage.

Formations are distinguished as deciduous and evergreen, but mixed formations can also occur.