Understanding Verb Aspects, Grammar, and Sentence Types
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Verb Aspects
Verb aspects describe the temporal flow or state of an action.
- Inchoative: Marks the beginning of an action. Examples: put, throw, break, start.
- Durative: Indicates the action is ongoing. Examples: to be, go, walk, come, study.
- Completive: Indicates the completion of an action. Example: finish.
- Resultative: Focuses on the result of the action. Examples: have, take, get, make localized.
- Obligation: Expresses necessity. Examples: must, have to.
- Probability: Indicates likelihood. Examples: duty, power, come.
Determiners and Pronouns
- Individual: el, la, los, las.
- Indefinite: a, an, a few, some.
- Demonstrative: this, that, these, those.
- Possessive: my, your, his, ours, yours, theirs; mine, yours, theirs.
- Indefinite Pronouns: one, several, many, every, little, some, no, one, therefore, a, such, too, enough, every.
- Cardinal Numerals: one, thirty. (Represented as 1, 2, etc.)
- Partitive: average.
- Multiples: double, twelfth.
- Interrogatives and Exclamatives: Use question marks (?) and exclamation points (!).
Sentence Types
- Declarative: Makes a statement. Example: The trial begins at 2.
- Interrogative: Asks a question to obtain information. Example: Are you gay?
- Imperative: Gives a command or makes a request. Example: Do not eat that.
- Exclamatory: Expresses strong emotion. Examples: It's 2! Are you gay! Do not eat!
- Limitative: Presents a statement as true. Example: Today I will return.
- Desiderative: Expresses a wish or desire. Example: I wish...
- Dubitative: Expresses doubt. Examples: indeed, perhaps. Perhaps I will approve.
- Likelihood: Presents facts as possible. Example: may...
- Evaluative: Expresses a value judgment. Example: Thou canst not go.
Word Classes and Structures
Polysemy and Homonymy
- Polysemic: Words with multiple related meanings. Example: mountain.
- Homonymous: Words with the same spelling or pronunciation but different meanings.
- Homographs: Spelled the same.
- Homophones: Sound the same. Example: vaca (cow)/baca (roof rack).
Adjective Degrees
- Positive: The house is big.
- Comparative: This house is more expensive than yours.
- Superlative: This house is very expensive.
Adjective Types
- Specific: Appears before the noun.
- Explanatory: Appears after the noun.
- Qualifying: smart, large.
- Colloquialisms: Words specific to a region. Examples: Madrid, Valencia.
- Quasi-Determiners: next, previous.
Verb Types
- Copulative: Verbs like to be, seem, appear + attribute.
- Predicative: Non-copulative verbs.
- Transitive: Non-copulative verbs + direct object (CD).
- Intransitive: Non-copulative verbs without a CD.
- Impersonal: Verbs without a subject. Example: There were few students in the classroom.
- Passive: The subject receives the action.
- Active: The subject performs the action.
Figures of Speech
- Metaphor: An implied comparison between two unlike things. Example: Teeth as pearls.
- Hyperbole: Exaggeration for emphasis. Example: Describing a small person as a giant.
- Metonymy: Substituting a word with a related term. Example: Using "glasses" to refer to the liquid inside them.
Verb Classification
- Copulative: Verbs like am, are, appear.
- Predicative: All verbs except copulative verbs.
- Transitive: Predicative verbs + CD.
- Intransitive: Predicative verbs without CD.
- Impersonal: No subject.
- Personal: With a subject.
- Passive: The subject receives the action.
- Active: The subject performs the action.