Understanding Verb Aspects, Grammar, and Sentence Types

Verb Aspects

Verb aspects describe the temporal flow or state of an action.

• Inchoative: Marks the beginning of an action. Examples: put, throw, break, start.
• Durative: Indicates the action is ongoing. Examples: to be, go, walk, come, study.
• Completive: Indicates the completion of an action. Example: finish.
• Resultative: Focuses on the result of the action. Examples: have, take, get, make localized.
• Obligation: Expresses necessity. Examples: must, have to.
• Probability: Indicates likelihood. Examples: duty, power, come.

Determiners and Pronouns

• Individual: el, la, los, las.
• Indefinite: a, an, a few, some.
• Demonstrative: this, that, these, those.
• Possessive: my, your, his, ours, yours, theirs; mine, yours, theirs.
• Indefinite Pronouns: one, several, many, every, little, some, no, one, therefore, a, such, too, enough, every.
• Cardinal Numerals: one, thirty. (Represented as 1, 2, etc.)
• Partitive: average.
• Multiples: double, twelfth.
• Interrogatives and Exclamatives: Use question marks (?) and exclamation points (!).

Sentence Types

• Declarative: Makes a statement. Example: The trial begins at 2.
• Interrogative: Asks a question to obtain information. Example: Are you gay?
• Imperative: Gives a command or makes a request. Example: Do not eat that.
• Exclamatory: Expresses strong emotion. Examples: It's 2! Are you gay! Do not eat!
• Limitative: Presents a statement as true. Example: Today I will return.
• Desiderative: Expresses a wish or desire. Example: I wish...
• Dubitative: Expresses doubt. Examples: indeed, perhaps. Perhaps I will approve.
• Likelihood: Presents facts as possible. Example: may...
• Evaluative: Expresses a value judgment. Example: Thou canst not go.

Word Classes and Structures

Polysemy and Homonymy

• Polysemic: Words with multiple related meanings. Example: mountain.
• Homonymous: Words with the same spelling or pronunciation but different meanings.
  • Homographs: Spelled the same.
  • Homophones: Sound the same. Example: vaca (cow)/baca (roof rack).

Adjective Degrees

• Positive: The house is big.
• Comparative: This house is more expensive than yours.
• Superlative: This house is very expensive.

Adjective Types

• Specific: Appears before the noun.
• Explanatory: Appears after the noun.
• Qualifying: smart, large.
• Colloquialisms: Words specific to a region. Examples: Madrid, Valencia.
• Quasi-Determiners: next, previous.

Verb Types

• Copulative: Verbs like to be, seem, appear + attribute.
• Predicative: Non-copulative verbs.
• Transitive: Non-copulative verbs + direct object (CD).
• Intransitive: Non-copulative verbs without a CD.
• Impersonal: Verbs without a subject. Example: There were few students in the classroom.
• Passive: The subject receives the action.
• Active: The subject performs the action.

Figures of Speech

• Metaphor: An implied comparison between two unlike things. Example: Teeth as pearls.
• Hyperbole: Exaggeration for emphasis. Example: Describing a small person as a giant.
• Metonymy: Substituting a word with a related term. Example: Using "glasses" to refer to the liquid inside them.

Verb Classification

• Copulative: Verbs like am, are, appear.
• Predicative: All verbs except copulative verbs.
• Transitive: Predicative verbs + CD.
• Intransitive: Predicative verbs without CD.
• Impersonal: No subject.
• Personal: With a subject.
• Passive: The subject receives the action.
• Active: The subject performs the action.