Understanding Verb Aspects, Grammar, and Sentence Types

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Verb Aspects

Verb aspects describe the temporal flow or state of an action.

  • Inchoative: Marks the beginning of an action. Examples: put, throw, break, start.
  • Durative: Indicates the action is ongoing. Examples: to be, go, walk, come, study.
  • Completive: Indicates the completion of an action. Example: finish.
  • Resultative: Focuses on the result of the action. Examples: have, take, get, make localized.
  • Obligation: Expresses necessity. Examples: must, have to.
  • Probability: Indicates likelihood. Examples: duty, power, come.

Determiners and Pronouns

  • Individual: el, la, los, las.
  • Indefinite: a, an, a few, some.
  • Demonstrative: this, that, these, those.
  • Possessive: my, your, his, ours, yours, theirs; mine, yours, theirs.
  • Indefinite Pronouns: one, several, many, every, little, some, no, one, therefore, a, such, too, enough, every.
  • Cardinal Numerals: one, thirty. (Represented as 1, 2, etc.)
  • Partitive: average.
  • Multiples: double, twelfth.
  • Interrogatives and Exclamatives: Use question marks (?) and exclamation points (!).

Sentence Types

  • Declarative: Makes a statement. Example: The trial begins at 2.
  • Interrogative: Asks a question to obtain information. Example: Are you gay?
  • Imperative: Gives a command or makes a request. Example: Do not eat that.
  • Exclamatory: Expresses strong emotion. Examples: It's 2! Are you gay! Do not eat!
  • Limitative: Presents a statement as true. Example: Today I will return.
  • Desiderative: Expresses a wish or desire. Example: I wish...
  • Dubitative: Expresses doubt. Examples: indeed, perhaps. Perhaps I will approve.
  • Likelihood: Presents facts as possible. Example: may...
  • Evaluative: Expresses a value judgment. Example: Thou canst not go.

Word Classes and Structures

Polysemy and Homonymy

  • Polysemic: Words with multiple related meanings. Example: mountain.
  • Homonymous: Words with the same spelling or pronunciation but different meanings.
    • Homographs: Spelled the same.
    • Homophones: Sound the same. Example: vaca (cow)/baca (roof rack).

Adjective Degrees

  • Positive: The house is big.
  • Comparative: This house is more expensive than yours.
  • Superlative: This house is very expensive.

Adjective Types

  • Specific: Appears before the noun.
  • Explanatory: Appears after the noun.
  • Qualifying: smart, large.
  • Colloquialisms: Words specific to a region. Examples: Madrid, Valencia.
  • Quasi-Determiners: next, previous.

Verb Types

  • Copulative: Verbs like to be, seem, appear + attribute.
  • Predicative: Non-copulative verbs.
  • Transitive: Non-copulative verbs + direct object (CD).
  • Intransitive: Non-copulative verbs without a CD.
  • Impersonal: Verbs without a subject. Example: There were few students in the classroom.
  • Passive: The subject receives the action.
  • Active: The subject performs the action.

Figures of Speech

  • Metaphor: An implied comparison between two unlike things. Example: Teeth as pearls.
  • Hyperbole: Exaggeration for emphasis. Example: Describing a small person as a giant.
  • Metonymy: Substituting a word with a related term. Example: Using "glasses" to refer to the liquid inside them.

Verb Classification

  • Copulative: Verbs like am, are, appear.
  • Predicative: All verbs except copulative verbs.
  • Transitive: Predicative verbs + CD.
  • Intransitive: Predicative verbs without CD.
  • Impersonal: No subject.
  • Personal: With a subject.
  • Passive: The subject receives the action.
  • Active: The subject performs the action.

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