Understanding Rocks and Cell Organelles
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Understanding Rock Formation
How Igneous Rocks Form
All igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and solidifying of magma. Magma characteristics include its chemical composition, temperature, and density. Crystallization occurs as magma cools and solidifies. This process is called crystallization because the various materials within the magma form crystals. The location where magma solidifies on the Earth's crust influences the type of rock formed.
Igneous rock types:
- Extrusive
- Intrusive
- Plutonic
- Filonian
Sedimentary Rock Formation
Sedimentary rocks form through compaction and cementation.
Sedimentary rock types:
- Detritic
- Rocks formed from precipitation
- Organic rocks
The Dynamic Rock Cycle
The rock cycle is the set of processes and transformations continually occurring in the Earth's crust, transforming some rocks into others.
Essential Cell Organelles
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is the space between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope. It consists of a liquid substance known as hyaloplasm.
Ribosomes
Ribosomes: Made up of proteins and RNA, they synthesize proteins.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum: A network of membranes forming sacs (saccules) and tubes, connected to the cell and nuclear membranes.
Vacuoles
Vacuoles: Sacs that store substances.
Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus: Consists of 5-10 flat sacs (saccules) that process and store biomolecules.
Vesicles
Vesicles: Very small sacs (saccules) that store and transport substances. They may originate from the Golgi apparatus or the ER. They can fuse with each other or the cell membrane to release their contents outside the cell.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria: Responsible for cellular respiration, a set of reactions by which cells obtain energy.
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts: Responsible for photosynthesis. Similar organelles, amyloplasts, store substances (like starch). Both are exclusive to plant cells.
Centrosome
Centrosome: Related to cell movement, organelle movement, and cell shape. Found only in animal cells.
Cilia and Flagella
Cilia and Flagella: Responsible for cell movement (displacement). Found in bacteria and some animal cells.