Understanding Psychological Knowledge, Ethics, and Cognitive Development

Faculties of Psychological Knowledge

Perception

Perception involves capturing external elements through the senses. The mechanism of perception follows this sequence: stimulus, touch, sensations, and brain (linguistic, motor, pathological). Attention focuses on a specific stimulus while diminishing others.

Memory

Memory encompasses capturing, storing, and reproducing information received through the senses or intuition. A memorization technique involves understanding, synthesizing, internalizing, and applying the information.

Imagination

Imagination involves capturing and saving ideas, but also altering and combining them, such as envisioning a giant mountain of gold. Without imagination, there would be neither science nor art.

Intelligence

Intelligence is the ability to find suitable means to achieve desired ends and provide answers to specific questions. Key skills include: understanding and making judgments, considering and solving problems, and using various techniques to summarize, classify, explain, and sort information. Qualities of intelligence include self-learning, inference, ranking, originality, and anticipating the future.

Ethics

Definition

Ethics is the philosophical science that examines individual human behavior. It encompasses moral or ethical standards of morality that shape personality and character.

Action

Action is the foundational base rooted in movement and thought. Components of action include the individual (feelings, desires, emotions) and society (laws and intuitions).

Localization Process

The localization process is the mechanism through which we acquire values and social norms. Agents of socialization include primary agents (family, school) and secondary agents (friends, work, media).

Freedom

Freedom is a value representing the ability of an individual to make decisions. It is the principle of individuality.

Responsibility

Responsibility is the ability to respond to the consequences of one's free actions.

Stages of Cognitive Development

Sensory-Motor (0-2 years)

This stage involves assimilation, unconsciousness, and affection. Infants learn to distinguish between people and objects.

Symbolic or Pre-Operational (2-7 years)

This stage is characterized by mastery of language, egocentrism, symbolic play, the development of initial rules, and affection within the family.

Concrete-Operational (7-11 years)

This stage involves improved handling of information, problem-solving skills, engagement in games with rules, and affection within groups of friends.

Operational-Abstract (11-15 years)

This stage marks adolescence, including the development of sexuality, the ability to find multiple solutions to problems, abstract thinking, and affection extending beyond immediate circles.

Conclusion

Not everyone reaches the formal operational stage, as it depends on learning and overcoming self-centeredness.