Understanding Pronouns, Morphemes, and Semantic Relations

Pronouns and Morphemes

Pronouns

Personal Pronoun: Third person, used to replace 'him'/'them'. Example: 'I gave it to him'.

Reflexive Pronoun: Functions as a direct object (CD) or indirect object (CI). Examples: 'They are washed' (CD), 'They wash their hands' (CI).

Reciprocal Pronoun: Functions as a direct object (CD) or indirect object (CI). Examples: 'His and her stick' (CD), 'His and her shots are given' (CI).

Morphemes

Verbal Morpheme: Accompanies many verbs that require a pronominal form (e.g., repent, rejoice).

Passive Morpheme: Appears in the 3rd person singular or plural and can switch to normal passive voice. Example: 'Rooms were rented'.

Impersonal Morpheme: Always appears in the 3rd person singular. Example: 'They were notified of that'.

'Od' Interest: Unethical; can be removed to emphasize the subject. Example: 'The child walks'.

Periphrasis

A verbal combination, functional and unique semantic compound, formed by a verb in person and another in a non-personal form. The first verb has totally or partially lost its meaning, and the second brings its lexical meaning.

Aspectual Periphrasis

Expresses action about to begin or given safely.

• Income: go to, be about to, be for (+ infinitive)
• Inchoative: burst out, get to, break out, start, start (+ infinitive)
• Reiterate: return a + infinitive
• Durative: be, go, go, go (+ gerund)
• Perfect: stop, hold, lead (+ participle)

Manner Periphrasis

Indicates the speaker's attitude to the action.

• Obligation or Mandate: to have to, have q, be q, duty (+ infinitive)
• Of course, Probability, Possibility or Approach: duty, power, come, soler (+ infinitive)

Semantic Relations

Polysemy

Occurs when a word has several meanings that are somehow related to each other.

Homonymy

Occurs when a word has several meanings that are not related. There are 2 types: homophones and homographs.

Synonyms

Occurs when 2 or more words or expressions have the same meaning.

Antonymy

Occurs when 2 words have opposite meanings. There are 3 classes of opposites: contrary, complementary, and reciprocal.

Hypernymy

The word has a general meaning (e.g., fruit, bird) that includes other more specific words, which are its hyponyms (e.g., apple, sparrow).

Connotations

The meanings we associate with a word according to our individual experience.