Understanding Plate Boundaries and Their Impact

Types of Plate Boundaries

1) Constructive or Divergent Boundaries

Two plates move apart from each other. New magma rises to the surface, cools, and forms basalt, creating volcanoes and rift valleys.

2) Destructive or Convergent Boundaries

Two plates move towards each other. Typically, an oceanic plate sinks below the other in a subduction zone. Sediments between the plates fold, forming mountain ranges. Friction melts rocks, causing volcanoes and earthquakes.

3) Conservative Boundaries

Two plates slide against each other, often at different speeds. Stress buildup leads to sudden movements and friction, resulting in earthquakes.

Negative Impacts on People

Earthquakes

Earthquake shockwaves damage buildings, bridges, and roads, causing injuries and fatalities. The impact depends on factors like proximity to the epicenter, building quality, and preparedness.

Primary and Secondary Effects

Primary effects are caused directly by the earthquake, while secondary effects occur in the aftermath, such as landslides, fires, and tsunamis.

Volcanoes

Volcanic eruptions pose significant dangers to nearby populations. People can be killed by:

• Falling rocks, volcanic bombs, and ash
• Fast-moving lava flows
• Poisonous gases and fumes
• Mudflows triggered by melting snow

Warning Signs of Volcanic Eruptions

Volcanoes may exhibit warning signs before erupting, such as:

• Temperature increases in the crater
• Increased steam and gas emissions
• Small earthquake tremors in the surrounding area