Understanding Organizational Structures and Human Resource Management

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Organizational Structures

Hierarchy Levels

• Tall Vertical: Many levels
• Flat Horizontal: Few levels

Span of Control

• Narrow: Limited span
• Wider: Increased span

Decision Making

• Centralized: Decisions made at the top
• Decentralized: Decisions made at lower levels

Chains of Command

• Long: Multiple layers of authority
• Shorter: Fewer layers of authority

Leadership

• Autocratic: Authoritarian leadership style
• Democratic: Participative leadership style

Delegation

• Limited: Less delegation of authority
• Increased: More delegation of authority

Types of Organizational Structures

• Structure by Hierarchy: Senior, middle, junior management/supervisor-worker
• Structure by Function: Board of directors, production, marketing, finance, HR, administration
• Structure by Product: Board of directors, fiction, educational, current affairs, translations, technical management
• Structure by Region: Head office and continents

Human Resource Management (HRM)

HRM is how an organization manages its human resources. It includes:

• Recruitment and retention
• Compensation and benefits
• Job responsibilities

Key HRM Concepts

• Demographic Changes: Shifts in birth rates, death rates, education levels, etc.
• Labor Mobility: Workers' ability to move occupations or locations
• Immigration: International movement of people into non-citizen countries
• Flexi-time: Flexible work schedules
• Gig Economy: Temporary positions and short-term contracts

Organizational Charts and Hierarchy

• Organizational Chart: Depicts reporting relationships and authority within an organization
• Hierarchy: System ranking people by power or importance
• Chain of Command: Official hierarchy showing reporting lines and authority
• Span of Control: Number of people reporting to a manager
• Delegation: Assigning authority or responsibility
• Bureaucracy: Organization with multiple layers of authority
• Delayering: Reducing hierarchy levels
• Matrix Structure: Involves people with different expertise for projects