Understanding Language: Levels and Communication Functions

Defining Language and Speech

Language is the human ability to communicate through signs, whether oral or written. It is a system of signs that speakers learn and retain in their memory. As a shared code, it is known to each speaker and used whenever needed.

In contrast, speech is the individual act of translating this linguistic system into a concrete message. It is a singular, voluntary act by which a person encodes a specific message, selecting the necessary code, signs, and rules from the shared linguistic model.

Levels of Language

The Vulgar Level

Characterized by limited vocabulary and often used by individuals with less formal education.

Features:

• Limited vocabulary.
• Short, often incomplete sentences.
• Frequent use of slang.
• Disorganized messages, lacking logical order.
• Limited adaptation to the interlocutor.
• Frequent use of common phrases.
• Inflexible communication, failing to adapt to different situations.

The Common Standard or Colloquial Level

This is the most commonly used level, characterized by familiar and informal communication. It is spontaneous and natural, though sometimes imprecise. Highly expressive with rich emotional nuances, pronunciation may occasionally be neglected.

The Cultivated Level

Characterized by extensive vocabulary and used by educated individuals.

Features:

• Rich vocabulary.
• Correct, careful, and appropriate pronunciation.
• Logically structured messages.
• Incorporation of learned words (derived from Greek or Latin).

Specialized Language Levels

Scientific-Technical Language

Used for communication within specific scientific or cultural domains, employing precise terminology.

Literary Language

Represents the highest level of linguistic artistry. It emphasizes both the content (what is said) and the form (how it is said). This level utilizes rhetorical devices to embellish language, such as comparisons and metaphors.

Functions of Language

Phatic or Contact Function

Establishes and maintains communication channels between sender and receiver, often serving to confirm connection or show courtesy.

Expressive or Emotive Function

Conveys the speaker's emotions, attitudes, or mood.

Conative or Directive Function

Aims to influence the recipient's behavior or actions.

Referential or Informative Function

Transmits objective information, allowing the recipient to acquire new knowledge or modify existing understanding.

Poetic or Imaginative Function

Focuses on the aesthetic qualities of the message, often involving invented realities or creative expression.

Metalinguistic Function

Used when language refers to itself, clarifying or discussing linguistic codes.