Understanding Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
Classified in Philosophy and ethics
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Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Development
Pre-conventional Morality
At this level, there is no understanding of social rules. Moral questions are considered only from a personal perspective.
Conventional Morality
Judgments are made based on the rules and expectations of the individual's social group. Moral issues are addressed to maintain membership within the group.
Post-conventional Morality
Individuals understand societal rules but are not limited by them. Thought is governed by principles and values accepted because they are based on general principles. Moral reasoning involves:
- Defining what is good.
- Using reasons to defend the perception of good.
Kohlberg's Moral Education
The goal is to maximize the capacity for moral judgment development through:
- Discussion of moral dilemmas.
- Participation in school community governance.
Stage 1: Heteronomous Morality
The physical consequences of an action determine its goodness or badness. The right thing to do is obey rules to avoid punishment.
Stage 2: Individualism, Instrumental Purpose, and Exchange
Rules are followed when they serve someone's immediate interests. The primary reason for doing something good is to meet one's own needs.
Stage 3: Interpersonal Relationships and Expectations
Good behavior is that which pleases others and gains their approval. The main reason for acting fairly is the need to be a good person from a social perspective.
Stage 4: Social System and Conscience
Orientation toward authority and fixed rules: Individuals must fulfill their social duties, respect authority, and maintain the established social order.
Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights
Actions are defined by individual rights and critically examined patterns can be changed based on rational considerations, social utility, or human rights.
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles
Decisions are made in accordance with self-chosen universal ethical principles. What matters are the universal moral principles of justice, reciprocity, equality, and respect for the dignity of all people as individuals.