Understanding Key Concepts in Anthropology
Classified in Philosophy and ethics
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Key Concepts in Anthropology
Man vs. Person
Man: Refers to the human animal, focusing on the human body.
Person: Refers to a man living in a civilized society, engaging in complex social roles. Not all men are considered persons. A person is a subject operating with a persona. A person may cease to be when they no longer exert social roles, such as in death. Animals die, and people die; the distinction lies in the social roles.
When a person uses a basic language, they can communicate with themselves. Through language, a person can plan, but the man knows how to act on the plans, becoming both an individual.
Citizen
A man living in a nation with a state, laws, rights, and obligations. Citizens are not necessarily global; a baby is a citizen from the moment their birth is registered. A citizen is protected by law. Immigrants become citizens when they have the necessary papers.
Anthropological Space
The objects and man, humans, and the environment surrounding them. These are divided into three axes:
- Circular Axis: Man-man (social relationships).
- Angular Axis: Man-intelligent beings.
- Radical Axis: Man-unintelligent beings (natural or artificial).
Emic vs. Etic Perspectives
- Emic: The prospect of performing an action from within.
- Etic: Discussing the prospect of an action from an outside perspective.
Limitations of Therapeutic Effort
Allowing a disease to run its course while relieving pain. This arises when the disease is irreversible, and the decision is made between the patient, doctor, and family.
Euthanasia
Direct or indirect action to cause the death of a person with a terminal disease, at the request of the patient.
Assisted Suicide
Synonymous with euthanasia; indirect support to carry out a suicide.
Therapeutic Obstinacy
Diagnostic or therapeutic measures in advanced and terminal diseases that are unlikely to provide benefit.
Palliative Care
Patient care in the last stretch of life, to ease pain and improve quality of life.
Sedation
Decrease of objective consciousness to avoid sharp pain.
Living Will
A document where a person writes their wishes regarding future disability or health problems, outlining their preferred solutions.