Understanding Immunity and Viruses: A Comprehensive Guide
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1. Bacterial Antibodies
Which individual component of a bacterium should be injected into rabbits to generate effective antibodies against subsequent exposure to the same bacteria?
c. Bacterial chromosome DNA fragments
2. Lymphocytes
The lymphocyte, a type of leukocyte, is characterized by:
II. Providing long-term or short-term immunity to the body
3. Acquired Immunity
Acquired immunity, whether natural or artificial, is achieved by:
I. Suffering from an illness
II. Vaccination with an attenuated microbe
III. Administration of antibodies produced by another source
4. Natural Immunity
The term "natural immunity" refers to:
I. Immunity that develops during an individual's life as a result of the body's response to a pathogen
II. Immunity that is activated when the infected organism develops its own antibodies
III. Immunity with which an individual is born, conferred by antibodies passed from mother to child through the placenta and breast milk
5. Inflammatory Reaction Sequence
The correct sequence of the inflammatory reaction is:
a) 3 - 6 to 1 - 5 - 2 to 4 (Note: This sequence needs further clarification. The original numbering is unclear.)
6. Antigen Characteristics
A substance must meet the following characteristics to be considered an antigen:
I. Stimulate antibody production
II. Be foreign to the body
III. Generate an immune response
IV. Trigger a specific lymphocyte response
7. Lymphocyte Functions
The characteristic function(s) of lymphocytes is/are:
II. Production of specific antibodies
III. Neutralization of bacterial toxins
8. Response to Foreign Agents
A foreign infectious agent triggers the following actions in the body:
I. Local activity of macrophages to engulf the foreign agent
II. Response of the affected tissue, increasing local temperature and blood flow
III. Increased number of leukocytes, which are activated in the affected area
IV. Diapedesis of leukocytes in response to chemicals released by the agent
9. Essential Amino Acids and Antibody Synthesis
What would happen to a rat if its diet lacked an essential amino acid required for antibody synthesis?
(Note: The original options are missing, but the likely outcome is increased susceptibility to infections and potentially death.)
10. Nonspecific Defense Systems
The characteristics of nonspecific defense systems can be found in:
e. All of the above (Note: The original options are missing.)
11. Nonspecific Cellular Response Sequence
The correct sequence in the nonspecific cellular response is:
b. I - VI - III - II - IV - V (Note: The original roman numerals are unclear and require context.)
12. Immune System Characteristic Exception
All of the following are characteristics of the immune system except:
e. A person can survive without lymphocytes and antibodies
13. HIV Infection Prevention
One of the key stages of HIV infection is the interaction between a viral envelope protein and a T4 cell receptor. The most appropriate strategy to prevent infection would be:
b. Chemically modify the T4 cell receptor
14. Natural Immunity Trigger
The human body triggers natural immunity:
d. After suffering an infectious disease
15. Memory Cell Implications
The presence of memory cells implies that:
II. Lymphocytes recognize the pathogen upon second exposure, preventing illness
III. The immune response is faster upon second exposure to the pathogen
16. Typhoid Fever Antibody Test
If a person tests positive for antibodies against the typhoid fever bacteria, it can be deduced that the person:
I. Has the disease
II. Is a carrier of the pathogenic bacteria
III. Has immunity against the disease (Note: Further testing is needed to determine the current state of infection.)
17. Lytic Cycle
The lytic cycle is characterized by:
a. Adsorption of the virus to a specific receptor
18. Lytic Infection Sequence
The sequence of events in a lytic infection is:
b. Attachment, penetration, multiplication, assembly, and release
19. Virus Use of Host Cell Constituents
Viruses use all of the following host cell constituents except:
a. Nuclear DNA
20. Correct Concept Association
The correct association of concepts is:
e. Conjugation - bacterial reproduction
21. Incorrect Pathogen-Disease Pair
The incorrect pathogen-disease pair is:
c. Rabies - adenovirus
22. Virus Characteristics
Viruses are characterized by:
II. Possessing their own genetic information as DNA or RNA
III. Being obligate parasites
23. Incorrect Statement about Viruses
The incorrect statement about viruses is:
b. They possess metabolic machinery
24. Lytic vs. Lysogenic Pathway
The lytic pathway differs from the lysogenic pathway in that, in the lytic pathway:
c. Viral genes are activated
25. Precursor to Viral DNA Replication
The event that precedes viral DNA replication is:
a. Nucleocapsid disassembly
26. RNA Virus Reproduction
RNA viruses reproduce by:
II. Action of reverse transcriptase
III. Viral DNA synthesis from RNA
27. Protein Synthesis in RNA Viruses
In an RNA virus, protein synthesis is determined by:
c. RNA translation
28. Integration Stage in Lysogenic Cycle
The purpose of the integration stage in the lysogenic cycle is to:
d. Integrate viral DNA into the host cell's chromosome
29. Infected Cell Outcomes
When a cell is infected by a virus:
II. It can generate infected clones that also reproduce
III. It can be destroyed if viral genes are activated
30. False Statement about Virus Biology
The false statement about virus biology is:
e. The correct order of the viral cycle is: infection - cytolysis - synthesis - latency
31. False Statement about Viruses and Bacteria
The false statement is:
e. The genetic material of viruses is RNA, unlike bacteria, which have DNA
32. Important HIV Feature
An important feature of HIV is:
a. It can make DNA from RNA
33. Reverse Transcriptase Function
In the retrovirus life cycle, reverse transcriptase catalyzes the synthesis of:
a. Viral complementary DNA
34. Provirus Definition
A provirus is:
e. A viral DNA fragment linked to the host cell chromosome in the lysogenic cycle
35. Body's Defense System Functions
The functions of the body's defense system are:
II. Keep the body free of pathogenic microorganisms
III. Defend the body against attacks by foreign invaders
IV. Produce specific substances to destroy pathogens
36. Blood of a Person Recovering from Infection
In the blood of a person recovering from an infectious disease, a physician would expect to find:
I. Increased macrophages
III. Increased B lymphocytes
IV. Increased T lymphocytes
37. Immediate Defense against Skin Breach
If a pathogen breaches the skin, the immediate defense to act is:
c. Macrophages
38. Characteristics of a Successful Pathogen
The characteristics that make a pathogen successful are:
e. I, II, and III (Note: The original options are missing.)
39. Diseases Affecting Gland Function
Diseases that disrupt the function of glands that regulate other organs are called:
c. Functional diseases
40. Tissue Injury Response Sequence
The correct order of responses to tissue injury (e.g., a scratch or cut) is:
b. II (histamine secretion), IV (blood vessel dilation), I (chemotaxis by white blood cells), III (diapedesis of white blood cells), V (phagocytosis by white blood cells)
41. Effect of Thymus Removal in Infancy
If the thymus is removed in infancy:
(Note: The original options are incomplete and unclear. The correct answer would describe the impact on T cell development and subsequent immune deficiencies.)
42. Reason for Multiple Vaccine Doses
Multiple doses of the same vaccine are sometimes given because:
I. The second dose stimulates the immune system to produce more antibodies
II. The second dose reinforces the immunological memory
43. Effect of B Lymphocyte Inhibition
If B lymphocyte action were completely inhibited:
II. The immune response would be precluded
III. The body would be unable to form specific antibodies
IV. The secondary barrier and phagocytic action against pathogenic microorganisms would be prevented (Note: This statement is partially incorrect. Phagocytosis is primarily carried out by other cells, although B lymphocytes play a role in enhancing it.)
44. White Blood Cell Counts
Given the following data:
- Normal WBC count: 5,000-10,000 per mm3 of blood
- Person A: 2,000 WBC/mm3
- Person B: 12,000 WBC/mm3
- Person C: 8,000 WBC/mm3
The correct statement is:
b. Only Person B is ill (Note: Person A's low count suggests a potential issue, but more information is needed.)
45. Correct Relationship
The correct relationship is:
e. All are correct (Note: The original relationships are missing.)
46. Advantages of Attenuated Virus Vaccines
The advantages of attenuated virus vaccines are:
II. The body produces antibodies to the virus, creating memory
III. Protection may last for years, even if the pathogen mutates
47. Rubella and Birth Defects
If a woman contracts rubella during early pregnancy, the unborn child may develop birth defects. This is due to:
II. The modifying action of chemical and physical agents on the child
IV. The teratogenic effect of the virus on the child
48. Discoverer of Microorganisms as Disease Cause
The scientist who first announced that the vast majority of diseases are caused by microorganisms was:
b. Louis Pasteur