Understanding Igneous, Metamorphic, and Sedimentary Rocks
Classified in Geology
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Igneous Rock
Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling of magma that reaches the crust. They are rocks created by the solidification of molten magma from the mantle.
Types of Igneous Rocks
- Extrusive: Formed by eruptions when magma rises quickly from the mantle.
- Intrusive: Formed when the magma in the mantle does not reach the surface.
Metamorphic Rock
Metamorphic rocks originate from the transformation of other types of rocks under high temperature and great pressure.
Formation
Metamorphic rocks form inside the Earth's surface.
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks form when sediments are pressed and cemented together.
Processes of Sedimentary Rock Formation
- Sedimentation: Layers of sediments are deposited over millions of years.
- Compaction: The weight on top compresses the sediments at the bottom, squeezing out water between the pieces of rock.
- Cementation: Crystals form a sort of glue that cements the pieces of rock together.
Heat Transfer Methods
Conduction
Heat is transferred by one good conductor and occurs only in solid materials.
Convection
Occurs in liquids. There are two types of water: coolest and hottest. The water moves in a circle, with hot water rising and cool water sinking.
Radiation
Energy is transferred by electromagnetic waves.
Cellular Processes
CO2 + H2O + sunlight → glucose
Reproduction
Asexual reproduction: Only one progenitor is needed.
Sexual reproduction: Requires two different progenitors, producing a new individual that is not identical to the progenitors; it is a mixture.
Asexual Reproduction Methods
- Budding: Involves one parent dividing its nucleus equally but cytoplasm unequally.
- Binary fission: Involves an equal division of both the cytoplasm and nucleus to form two identical organisms.
- Sporulation: The nucleus divides many times, and each new nucleus produced takes a part of the cytoplasm, resulting in many cells.
- Fragmentation: A fragment of the organism produces a new one.
Mitosis Stages
- Prophase: DNA is duplicated, starting to condense and form chromosomes.
- Metaphase: The chromosomes are lined up at the central part of the cell.
- Anaphase: The chromosomes break and separate.
- Telophase: The chromosomes meet at the poles, decondense, and the cell divides its cytoplasm.