Understanding Hydraulic Systems: Actuators, Valves, and Control

Operation of Drive Elements, Control, and a Hydraulic System

Hydraulic Group

Generates hydraulic energy. A motor-driven pump converts energy. If the flow encounters resistance, there is pressure to fit in the pressure relief valve. Fluid drains back to the tank through a filter. The tank stores and conditions the oil.

Hydraulic Actuators

Converting hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. Conversion by rotating movement (hydraulic motor, which is at the pump's traverse), or linear movement cylinder.

Cylinders:

1. Single-acting
2. Double-acting
3. Special
4. Plunger (double-acting piston rod makes)
5. Differential (double-acting 2:1 ratio S side plunger rod side)
6. Equilibrated (dual stem)
7. Telescopic (short length, big race)

Valves

Responsible for controlling flow regulation in exercising the force, direction, and velocity of the fluid. According to construction, they can be sliding or seat valves (continuous leak oil). According to drive type: manual (lever or pedal), mechanical (spring roll), or electric (electromagnet).

Types of Control Valves

• Directional Control Valves:

  • 3/2: 3 links / 2 positions. Single-acting cylinders for control or bypass valves.

  • 4/2: 2 ways, alternate, always connected. For double-acting control.

  • 4/3: A derivation of 4/2 with an intermediate position of command. Used in distributors.

  • Differential Circuit: For controlling differential cylinders, to obtain full strength of forward.

  • Reverse-Return Valves: Allow flow in one direction, preventing the escape of fluid.

• Pressure Valves: To control pressures when you need to lower pressures.

  • Fixed Pressure Limiting: Limits the maximum pressure of a system. Operates when the load exceeds the limit or when an actuator-cylinder has reached the final position.

  • Pressure Control Valve: Ensures that pressure is maintained at a lower level in parts of the system.

• Flow Control Valves: Control the flow to increase pressure. The speed can be adjusted by dividing the fluid flow.

  • With Non-Return Valve or Unidirectional Flow: Regulates the fluid flow in one direction; when passing in the opposite direction, it does not act.