Understanding Human Memory: Types, Processes, and Theories

Memory: Transformations Over Time

Memory refers to the transformations that occur in information over time. From the multi-store model, it is understood that memory is a complex and active system working with multiple interconnected components.

• Recording Information: Information is perceived and encoded.
• Storing Information: The encoded information is stored using multifunctional matrices selected by the individual.
• Retrieving Information: Information is retrieved from memory based on the store in which it was processed.

Three Systems of Information Fixation

1. Sensory Memory

   Information in sensory memory disappears within approximately one second.

2. Short-Term Memory

   Information in short-term memory fades within approximately 20 seconds.

3. Long-Term Memory

   Information in long-term memory does not vanish and is not forgotten.

Detailed Look at Each Memory System

Sensory Memory

Sensory memory is the first level at which information is received. It operates through the senses, primarily processing images and sounds.

Short-Term Memory

Once information passes through the senses, it remains stored in short-term memory for approximately 20 seconds. To prevent it from vanishing, it must be transferred to long-term memory using elaborative rehearsal. Short-term memory has a limited capacity of around seven items. However, individuals can group items to prevent system saturation and store more information.

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory organizes and stores information. It has an unlimited capacity for information storage, and in principle, information is fully recoverable, even without conscious awareness.

Classification of Memory According to Time

This classification focuses on the ability to access information already stored in long-term memory.

• Anterograde Memory

  Anterograde memory is the ability to access recent events.

• Retrograde Memory

  Retrograde memory is the ability to access past events.

• Anteroretrograde Memory

  Anteroretrograde memory is the ability to access both recent and distant events.

Why Do We Forget?

Even though information stored in long-term memory is potentially available, we cannot always access it. Several theories attempt to explain this phenomenon:

• Decay Theory

  The decay theory, the earliest formulation on the subject, is deeply rooted in common sense. It suggests that we forget things simply due to the passage of time.

• Interference Theory

  Interference theory posits that we forget as we receive new information. In other words, new learning interferes with previous learning.

• Motivational Theory

  Motivational theory suggests that we forget to avoid certain painful memories that cause discomfort or to ignore facts that contradict our belief systems.