Understanding Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Systems

Understanding Material Systems and Separation Techniques

Heterogeneous system material should appear uniform. Akella system material is presented uniformly. All points of the material system are separated for experimental study.

Decompose a compound using chemical procedures into simple substances. A simple substance is a pure substance that cannot be decomposed into other simpler substances by ordinary chemical procedures. A simple substance is formed by a single type of element. A compound is a pure substance formed by two elements combined in fixed, homogeneous proportions.

Dissolving creates a blend made uniform by two pure substances in variable proportions.

Simple Distillation

Used to separate a dissolving liquid formed by two points with different boiling points. The dissolving liquid is boiled at the boiling point, which evaporates, leaving a residue that is not volatile. To evaporate the solute, it is passed through a capacitor with cold water circulating. Here, steam is condensed in a container, such as an Erlenmeyer flask.

RF Percent Mass

% by mass of solute = mass solute (g) / dissolving mass (g) * 100

% NaCl = g NaCl / (g water + g NaCl + KCl) * 100

Percent by Volume

% Volume = (volume of solute / volume of dissolution) * 100

Concentration Mass

Mass = mass concentrations of solutes / volume of dissolution

If temperature increases, solubility decreases. If pressure increases, solubility increases.

Crystallization

Consists of crystallizing a solute to separate a solid from the solvent in the dissolution:

1. Heat
2. Filter the filtrate
3. Let cool. Crystals form in a crystallizer. Rapid cooling produces small crystals, while slow cooling results in large crystals.

Extraction with Solvents

A compound is used with a blend of subtle solvents. Finally, a sausage is used for decantation to separate two dissolutions.