Key Concepts in Geology
(exam3)1:superposition=the oldest on the bottom, youngest on top/2:original horizontality=sedimentary layers/lava flows are deposited as flat layers/3:lateral continuity=rocks extend in all directions until they reach the edge of a basin or pinch out/4:cross-cutting=faults and fractures are younger than the rocks they cut through/5:unconformities=missing time/6:inclusions=chunks of weathered rock are older than the rock they are contained in/7:continental drift=Alfred Wegener/8:Alfred Wegener=Pangaea/9:not a major tectonic plate/Juan de Fuca Plate/10: lithosphere=composed of crust and upper mantle/11:continental crust=composed of granite and basalt/12:transform boundary=one colliding plate will be forced because of difference in density/13:mantle plume=upwelling of hot material that is cylindrical in shape/14:paleomagnetism=iron particles align with magnetic fields/15:two pieces to calculate the rate of plate motion=distance from the rift and age of seafloor sample/16:plate motion occurs in the outer core/17:convergent=compression/18:divergent=tension/
19:transform=shear/20:law of superposition=Nicholas Steno/21:disconformity=type of unconformity with parallel beds above and below an erosional surface/23:paleontology=study of fossils/24:deformation=changes in shape or position of a rock body due to differential stress/25:fault=fracture along which motion has occurred/26:basin=circular fold with the youngest in the middle and the older on the outside/27:recumbent=limbs tilted to the axial horizontal plane/28:many normal faults=divergent/29:reverse fault=hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall/30:1906 earthquake=transform/31:strike=direction produced by the intersection of inclined rock with a horizontal plane/32:dip=angle of the rock measured from the horizontal plane/33:tension=pull apart/34:compression=move towards/35:slide past/36:ductile deformation=change in shape due to pressure/37:brittle=shatter due to pressure/41:s-waves=shear wave/42:p-wave=compressional wave/43:l-wave=moves from side to side/44:mantle=solid nickel and iron/45:inner core=ferromagnesian silicates mostly in a ductile state/46:continental crust=granitic material composing the outermost layer/47:outer core=liquid nickel and iron/48:oceanic crust=basaltic composition in the outermost layer/49:seismic=stored-up energy from an earthquake/50:focus=location on the fault where slippage occurs.
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