Understanding the Endocrine System and Immunity

Endocrine Glands and Hormones

What are Exocrine Glands?

Exocrine glands are specialized structures with specific functions, releasing chemicals to regulate life processes.

Types of Exocrine Glands

Major exocrine glands in the human body include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, testes, and ovaries.

What are Hormones?

Hormones are complex substances produced by endocrine glands, released directly into the bloodstream to regulate various cells and organs.

The Pituitary Gland

The pituitary gland is a small mass of cells located at the base of the brain, in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.

The Sex Glands

• Testes: The male sex glands, located in the scrotum beneath the penis.
• Ovaries: The female sex glands, located in the lower abdomen.

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is located in the anterior neck, below the thyroid cartilage. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus.

The Adrenal Glands

The adrenal glands are located on top of each kidney, comprising the cortex and medulla, each with distinct functions.

The Parathyroid Glands

Four small clusters of cells located behind the thyroid gland, two in each lobe.

The Pancreas

The pancreas is a mixed gland located in the upper abdomen.

Functions of the Pancreas

• Exocrine Function: Produces digestive enzymes released into the duodenum.
• Endocrine Function: Produces hormones like insulin and somatostatin.

The Thymus

The thymus is a gland located in the chest, crucial for immune system development. It becomes less important after adolescence.

The Immune System

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are essential immune cells that recognize foreign substances and initiate immune responses.

Types of Immunity

There are two main types of immunity: natural and acquired.

Glands and Personality

Emotions are closely linked to glandular function. Imbalances in hormone production can influence personality and behavior.

Antibody Action

Antibodies can coat foreign particles for destruction, activate complement proteins, or directly destroy foreign cells.

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.

The Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is located deep within the brain, below the thalamus.

Temperature Regulation

The hypothalamus precisely regulates body temperature. When the body needs more heat, it sends nerve impulses to the muscles.

Blood Sugar Regulation

Diabetes is a disease characterized by decreased insulin production by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.