Understanding Emotions and Social Psychology

1. Basic Emotions

• Joy
• Interest
• Excitement
• Surprise
• Sadness
• Anger
• Disgust
• Contempt
• Fear
• Shame
• Guilt

2. Physiological Responses to Emotions

Emotions trigger physical changes such as an accelerated heart rate, muscle tension, stomach tingling, and dry mouth. These responses provide energy by sending more blood sugar to the liver. Increased oxygen demand leads to a higher heart rate. Digestion slows down as blood is redirected to muscles. Pupils dilate to allow more light, and perspiration increases to cool the body.

3. Detecting Emotions and Lies

While it's difficult to detect lies definitively, physiological responses can indicate emotions. Changes in breathing, pulse pressure, blood flow, and perspiration accompany emotional states.

4. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication

We communicate through both verbal and non-verbal cues. When irritated, muscles tense, and facial expressions like gritted teeth can be observed. Gestures can communicate submission or dominance. Most people can interpret non-verbal communication, with women often being more skilled than men. Advanced technology allows psychologists to investigate subtle facial muscle changes related to emotions.

5. Cultural Variations in Emotional Expression

The meaning of gestures and emotional expressions varies across cultures. For example, in Chinese culture, applauding can show concern or disappointment, laughing might indicate anger, and specific expressions show appreciation. Children, like those in an isolated New Guinea tribe studied by psychologists, express happiness through smiles and distress through crying.

6. Factors Influencing Happiness

• Level of Adaptation: Happiness often depends on our previous experiences and how we judge stimuli based on them.
• Relative Deprivation Principle: Our happiness is influenced by comparing ourselves to others.

7. Key Concepts in Social Psychology

7.1 Social Psychology Defined

Social psychology studies human thinking, relationships, and influence, considering the role of culture.

7.2 Understanding Roles

A role is a set of expected actions and behaviors associated with a particular position or situation.

7.3 Social Influence and Legislation

Social influence refers to behavior changes driven by the desire for social approval and to avoid rejection.