Understanding Cubism and Dadaism in Art History
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Cubism
Cubism was an artistic style that developed in France in the early 20th century. It is characterized by the simplified representation of figures through the use of geometric shapes, such as cubes, cylinders, or spheres, without reflecting depth. The figures are created with defined areas of color called facets. Collage was used, which consisted of sticking different materials, such as newspaper and cloth, onto the canvas to form images. Open sculpture was used for the first time, in which spaces and holes had artistic value.
Dadaism
Dadaism was an avant-garde movement in painting and photography that began in Germany in 1916. This style originated from the disillusionment felt by artists when contemplating the tragic consequences of the First World War. In response, the Dadaists created a style of art that rebelled against established forms and aimed to provoke the viewer. They used collage and invented new techniques such as photomontage (a composition of photos) and 'ready-mades', where they used everyday objects. Objects such as urinals and wheels were removed from their context to create works of art.
Political Parties
The Constitutional Democratic Party
- They had liberal ideals and represented landowners and middle-class businessmen. They did not want to abolish the tsar but aimed for a parliament.
The Socialist Workers' Party
- They held Marxist ideals and considered the proletariat to be the real revolutionary class. They divided into two factions:
- The Mensheviks: They believed that Russia was not ready for a revolution as the working class was too weak, and that a liberal regime was necessary first.
- The Bolsheviks: They wanted to move directly from the tsarist regime to a proletariat dictatorship through a revolution of the working class. Their leader was Lenin.
The Socialist Revolutionary Party
- They had socialist ideals but were not Marxists. They wanted a peasant revolution to end tsarist rule.
Soviet
- An assembly of representatives of the workers, soldiers, and peasants created to make decisions and take control of the revolution.