Understanding Computer Software: Base and Application Types

Software Fundamentals

Software: Part of computer logic. All programs managed by the computer. A set of rules and instructions.

1. System Software (SW Base)

A set of programs that control the computer and form the base of application software. It allows the inner workings and facilitates user interaction and machine-to-machine communication.

1.1 Operating Systems (OS)

The closest layer to the machine, it acts as an intermediary between the user and the machine. It is the first program loaded into memory and is essential to operate the machine. Two types of interfaces exist: text and graphics.

Functions of an Operating System:

• Planning, supervision, and load initialization when running a program.
• Manage all system resources.
• Initiate and control I/O units (Input/Output).
• Error Handling.
• Facilitates communication between the operator and equipment.
• Manage information storage devices.

Types of Operating Systems:

• According to Design: OS Owners: The manufacturer has full control over the OS. OS Open: They can run on any machine.
• According to Users: Single User: Single-tasking (like MS-DOS) and multitasking (like Windows). Single User and Multitasking: (like Linux).
• In Network: For interconnected computers.

Most Common Operating Systems:

MS-DOS, Unix/Linux, Windows, Windows 95/98/ME/XP, and Windows NT/2000/2003.

1.2 Program Tools and Utilities

These help control the machine without conflicting with the OS.

• Norton Utilities and PCTools: Provide system management and optimization.
• Disk Duplicators: Double the disk space using a series of techniques.
• Memory Management: Optimize memory usage.
• Antivirus: Immunize the system.
• Print Spooler: Manages printing tasks.

1.3 Programming Languages

A set of rules and instructions established in order to create the programs that make up the software.

• Low-Level Languages (L. Low level):
  • Machine Language (L. Machine): Consists of 0s and 1s. Specific to each computer.
  • Assembler Language (L. Assembler): Replaces machine language, using mnemonics (English abbreviations). Runs faster than high-level languages and occupies less memory space; they are not portable.
• High-Level Languages (L. high level): Closer to the user. They are independent of computer architecture, simplify the user's work, and require translators to convert them to machine language.

2. Application Software (SW Application)

A set of programs designed, developed, and implemented based on the system software.

2.1 Horizontal Application Software

These are not intended for any specific activity; their use depends on the user.

• Packages of general multifunctional applications.
• Suites: Improved multifunctional packages.
• Integrated management programs: For company management.

2.2 Specific Management Software

Solves the problem for one or more clients.

• Sector Software (SW Sector): Geared toward a set of joint ventures.
• Custom Software (SW as): Geared to the specific needs of a client.