Understanding Climatology and Weather Elements

Climatology: - Studies and analyzes the distribution of climate on a planetary level.
- Consequences of inequality in sunlight (the sun in the tropics warms more).
Time: Transitory atmospheric condition.
Climate: Permanent (changing every 12-15 years), average time duration.
Elements of Weather:
1) Temperature: Heat in degrees Celsius (°C) in the atmosphere at a given time.
- Oscillation amplitude: difference between minimum and maximum temperature (°C), influences the height; the greater the stability in certain areas, the more it is regulated by the sea (less oscillation).
2) Precipitation: Water in liquid or gaseous form in the atmosphere, produced by condensation from moist air mass and gravity.
STEPS: evaporation, condensation, saturation (dark cloud), precipitation.
Evaporation through vegetation cover: evapotranspiration.
Types:
a) Convective: high solar absorption (14%) and high humidity, typical of tropical regions.
b) Orographical: produced by the relief, affects the height (+ altitude, - temperature °C) decreased by 1 °C per 180m.
c) Front: collision of two distinct temperature clouds (lightning and thunder).
3) Moisture: Water vapor in the atmosphere, measured by:
A) Absolute humidity: mass of water vapor in a given volume of air (g/m³).
B) Relative humidity: percentage ratio of the water vapor present in the air compared to the maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold at that temperature (saturation).

4) Atmospheric Pressure: Weight of a column of air in a determined area (+ altitude, - pressure) and varies. At sea level, normal pressure is 760 mmHg.
5) Winds: Displacement of air parallel to the surface, air movement in a vertical air mass, measured by: intensity (anemometer) and direction (wind vane).
Gradient: difference in pressure (the intensity inside the wind).
Anticyclone: (A) High pressure, stable, good weather; warm wind comes out (red), cold (blue), no rain, surplus.
Cyclone: (B) Low pressure, unstable, lack of wind, bad weather or rain.
Pacific Anticyclone: Generates winds in Chile, changes according to the season, acts as a shield against bad weather or rain, with differences between summer and winter (extreme).
Laws of the Winds:
1st Law - Buys Ballot: Air moves from high pressure (A) to low pressure (B) (sort of magnet).
2nd Law - Ferrel's Law: Winds in the Northern Hemisphere turn right, in the Southern Hemisphere, they turn left.
3rd Law - Stevenson: Speed of winds is determined by the pressure difference.
Hadley Cell: Permanent circuit of trade winds (below) and counter-trade winds (above).