Understanding Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
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An Arrhenius acid is a substance that dissociates in water to form hydrogen ions or protons. In other words, it increases the number of H+ ions in the water. In contrast, an Arrhenius base dissociates in water to form hydroxide ions, OH-.
A Bronsted-Lowry acid is a solution that donates protons and is known as a proton donor. The Bronsted-Lowry base, on the other hand, is a solution that accepts protons and is known as a proton acceptor. Going back to a Bronsted-Lowry acid, in general, it must contain a hydrogen ion that it can give up.
➢ Desalination: Process that removes sodium chloride and other minerals from salty water.
➢ Distillation: A separation process in which a liquid solution is heated, and the vapors are condensed and collected. This process requires energy.
Osmosis is the movement of water or other solvent through a plasma membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration. Osmosis is passive transport, meaning it does not require energy to be applied.
Silicon Production and Purification
- High purity silicon crystals are used in the production of computer and cellphone chips. Silicon is produced from quartz, silica, or sand (silicon dioxide: SiO2).
- Molecular compounds: Species in which groups of atoms are connected or bonded together to make molecules.
➢ NO2 is a brown gas, giving smog its characteristic brown tinge.
1. N2 + O2 high temp = 2NO
2NO + O2 = 2NO2
2. NO + O3 = NO2 + O2
Treating Our Water
• Remove impurities, addition of flocculating agents, Flocculating agents: aluminum sulfate and calcium hydroxide, filtration through gravel or charcoal, disinfection of water to kill disease-causing microbes, chlorination, ozonation, ultraviolet (UV) light, and chlorination.
Ocean Acidification
The lowering of ocean pH due to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide. Over the past 200 years, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased, so CO2 is dissolving in the ocean and forming carbonic acid.
Three chemical species responsible for maintaining ocean pH: Carbonate Ion CO32-, Bicarbonate Ion HCO3-, Carbonic acid H2CO3.