Understanding the Ancien Régime: Absolutism and Society

The Ancien Régime

The Ancien Régime was a social, economic, and political system that was dominant in Europe during the Early Modern Age.

Absolute Monarchies

Absolute monarchies were the main form of government during the Ancien Régime. They emerged because of the social and economic crises that took place at the end of the Middle Ages. These crises weakened the position of the privileged classes and allowed monarchs to strengthen their own positions in society. This led to powerful monarchs exercising supreme authority.

Justification for such power was found in the Medieval theory of the divine right of kings. This theory proposed that monarchs derived their right to rule directly from God. Any opposition was therefore opposing the will of God, an act that came with terrible consequences. Using language, history, and religion, these monarchs strengthened the identity of the state. In addition, they made tax collection more effective and created permanent armies to protect their lands. Louis XIV of France is often given as a good example of this type of monarch, and his proclamation 'I am the state!' illustrates the power he held.

Parliamentary Monarchy in England

In contrast to these absolute monarchies typical of the time was the parliamentary monarchy introduced in England at the end of the 17th century. Following a civil war and the capture and execution of the king, England became a republic led by Oliver Cromwell. However, this republic was short-lived, and the absolute monarchy was restored until the Glorious Revolution of 1688. This revolution culminated in the signing of the 1689 Bill of Rights by the Dutchman William of Orange. He became the first king of England's new parliamentary monarchy. In this form of government, the monarch's power was limited and depended on the support of parliament.

Demographics and Society

During the Ancien Régime, less than 20% of the world's population lived in Europe. It was a time characterized by high birth rates, high death rates, low life expectancy, and weak population growth. During the latter part of the 18th century, a more modern demographic regime took hold. Population growth became much more significant thanks to better hygiene, improvements in medical knowledge, and access to more food.